Difference between revisions of "Template:Pathes"

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(Created page with "<div class="accordion"> <ol> <li> Infomation technology </li> <div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">Galvanic deposition</span></div> <div>For electroplati...")
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<ol>
 
<ol>
 
<li>
 
<li>
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  Infomationstechnik
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  Infomation technology
 
</li>
 
</li>
  
−
<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Galvanische Ablagerung]]</span></div>
+
<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Galvanic deposition]]</span></div>
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<div>Für die Galvanisierung von Metallen, insbesondere von Edelmetallen, werden wässrige Lösungen (Elektrolyte) verwendet, die die abzuscheidenden Metalle als Ionen (d.h. gelöste Metallsalze) enthalten. Ein elektrisches Feld zwischen der Anode und den Werkstücken als Kathode zwingt die positiv geladenen Metallionen, sich zur Kathode zu bewegen, wo sie ihre Ladung abgeben und sich als Metall auf der Oberfläche des Werkstücks abscheiden. Je nach Anwendung, ob für elektrische und elektronische oder dekorative Zwecke, werden unterschiedliche elektrolytische Badlösungen (Elektrolyte) verwendet. Die für die Edelmetallbeschichtung verwendeten Galvanikanlagen und deren Komplexität variieren stark in Abhängigkeit von den eingesetzten Verfahrenstechniken. Galvanische Verfahren umfassen neben der reinen Metallabscheidung auch Vor- und Nachbehandlungen der zu beschichtenden Güter. Ein wichtiger Parameter für die Erzeugung stark haftender Abscheidungen ist die metallisch saubere Oberfläche der zu beschichtenden Güter ohne ölige oder oxidische Rückstände. Dies wird durch verschiedene Vorbehandlungsverfahren erreicht, die speziell für die Materialarten und Oberflächenbeschaffenheit der zu beschichtenden Güter entwickelt wurden. In den folgenden Abschnitten werden Elektrolyte - sowohl Edelmetall- als auch Nichtedelmetall-Elektrolyte - sowie die gebräuchlichsten galvanotechnischen Verfahren beschrieben
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<div>For electroplating of metals, especially precious metals, water based solutions (electrolytes) are used which contain the metals to be deposited as ions (i.e. dissolved metal salts). An electric field between the anode and the work pieces as the cathode forces the positively charged metal ions to move to the cathode where they give up their charge and deposit themselves as metal on the surface of the work piece. Depending on the application, for electric and electronic or decorative end use, different electrolytic bath solutions (electrolytes) are used. The electroplating equipment used for precious metal plating and its complexity varies widely depending on the process technologies employed. Electroplating processes are encompassing besides the pure metal deposition also preparative and post treatments of the goods to be coated. An important parameter for creating strongly adhering deposits is the surface of the goods to be metallic clean without oily or oxide film residues. This is achieved through various pre-treatment processes specifically developed for the types of material and surface conditions of the goods to be plated. In the following segments electrolytes – both precious and non-precious – as well as the most widely used electroplating processes are described.
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+
[[Electroplating_(or_Galvanic_Deposition)|more]] </div>
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[[Electroplating_(or_Galvanic_Deposition)|mehr]] </div>
 
  
 
<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|PVD]]</span></div>
 
<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|PVD]]</span></div>
−
<div>Der Begriff PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition, physikalische Gasphasenabscheidung) bezeichnet Verfahren zur Abscheidung von Metallen, Metalllegierungen und chemischen Verbindungen im Vakuum unter Zufuhr von thermischer und kinetischer Energie durch Partikelbeschuss. Die wichtigsten Verfahren sind die folgenden vier Beschichtungsvarianten:
+
<div>The term PVD (physical vapor deposition) defines processes of metal, metal alloys, and chemical compounds deposition in a vacuum by adding thermal and kinetic energy through particle bombardment. The main processes are the following four coating variations:
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* Aufdampfen
+
* Vapor deposition
−
* Sputtern (Kathodenzerstäubung)
+
* Sputtering (Cathode atomization)
−
* Lichtbogenverdampfung
+
* Arc vaporizing
−
* Ionenimplantation
+
* Ion implantation
−
Bei allen vier Verfahren wird das Beschichtungsmaterial in atomarer Form zum Substrat transportiert und als dünne Schicht (wenige nm bis ca. 10 μm) darauf abgeschieden.
+
In all four processes the coating material is transported in its atomic form to the substrate and deposited on it as a thin layer (a few nm to approx. 10 μm)  
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+
[[Surface_Coating_Technologies#7.2_Coatings_from_the_Gaseous_Phase_.28Vacuum_Deposition.29|more]]
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[[Surface_Coating_Technologies#7.2_Coatings_from_the_Gaseous_Phase_.28Vacuum_Deposition.29|mehr]]
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
  
−
<li> Energietechnik (typisch bei &gt; 12V &gt;500mA)</li>
+
<li> Power technology (typically &gt; 12V &gt;500mA)</li>
 
<br />
 
<br />
  
−
<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Einphasen-Wechselstrom]]</span></div>
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<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Single-phase alternating current]]</span></div>
 
<div>
 
<div>
 
{|class="pathtable"
 
{|class="pathtable"
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! colspan="5" |Switching current in A
 
! colspan="5" |Switching current in A
 
|-
 
|-
−
|class=" first " |Anwendungen
+
|class=" first " |Applications
 
|class="ordered" | 1
 
|class="ordered" | 1
 
|class="ordered" | 10
 
|class="ordered" | 10
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|class="ordered" | 10.000
 
|class="ordered" | 10.000
 
|-
 
|-
−
|class="other"| Geräteschalter
+
|class="other"| Appliance switches
 
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi0,15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
 
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi0,15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
 
|-
 
|-
−
|class="other"| Lichtschalter <br />
+
|class="other"| Light switches <br />
 
Main switches
 
Main switches
 
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br /> [[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi0,15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 20%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
 
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br /> [[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi0,15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 20%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
 
|-
 
|-
−
|class="other"|Leistungsrelais
+
|class="other"|Power relays
 
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 18%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi0,15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
 
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 18%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi0,15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
 
|-
 
|-
−
|class="other"|Schutzschalter
+
|class="other"|Circuit breakers
 
(domestic MCCBs)
 
(domestic MCCBs)
 
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/AgZnO/CdO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div>
 
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/AgZnO/CdO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div>
 
|-
 
|-
−
|class="other"|Trenn-, Leistungs- und Motorschalter (Steuerrelais und Schütze)
+
|class="other"|Disconnect, power and motor switches (control relays and contactors)
 
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1"  style="width: 24%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi0,15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"  style="width: 22%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/AgZnO/CdO]]</span></div>
 
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1"  style="width: 24%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi0,15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"  style="width: 22%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/AgZnO/CdO]]</span></div>
 
|-
 
|-
−
|class="other" | Schwerlast-Schaltanlagen (Industrie)
+
|class="other" | Heavy-duty switchgear (industrial)  
 
| colspan="6" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 22%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 30%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span> <span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi0,15|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 47%; border-right: none;"><span class="text-formel">[[Tungsten_and_Molybdenum_Based_Materials|Ag/W, Ag/WC/C<br />Ag/WC]]</span></div>
 
| colspan="6" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 22%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 30%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span> <span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi0,15|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 47%; border-right: none;"><span class="text-formel">[[Tungsten_and_Molybdenum_Based_Materials|Ag/W, Ag/WC/C<br />Ag/WC]]</span></div>
 
|-
 
|-
−
|class="other"|Kfz-Relais und -Schalter 
+
|class="other"|Automotive relays and switches
 
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1"  ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag,AgNi0,15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#SilverMetal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>]]</span></div>
 
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1"  ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag,AgNi0,15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#SilverMetal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>]]</span></div>
 
|-
 
|-

Revision as of 10:52, 20 February 2023

  1. Infomation technology
    2. Galvanic deposition
    For electroplating of metals, especially precious metals, water based solutions (electrolytes) are used which contain the metals to be deposited as ions (i.e. dissolved metal salts). An electric field between the anode and the work pieces as the cathode forces the positively charged metal ions to move to the cathode where they give up their charge and deposit themselves as metal on the surface of the work piece. Depending on the application, for electric and electronic or decorative end use, different electrolytic bath solutions (electrolytes) are used. The electroplating equipment used for precious metal plating and its complexity varies widely depending on the process technologies employed. Electroplating processes are encompassing besides the pure metal deposition also preparative and post treatments of the goods to be coated. An important parameter for creating strongly adhering deposits is the surface of the goods to be metallic clean without oily or oxide film residues. This is achieved through various pre-treatment processes specifically developed for the types of material and surface conditions of the goods to be plated. In the following segments electrolytes – both precious and non-precious – as well as the most widely used electroplating processes are described. more
    PVD
    The term PVD (physical vapor deposition) defines processes of metal, metal alloys, and chemical compounds deposition in a vacuum by adding thermal and kinetic energy through particle bombardment. The main processes are the following four coating variations:
    • Vapor deposition
    • Sputtering (Cathode atomization)
    • Arc vaporizing
    • Ion implantation

    In all four processes the coating material is transported in its atomic form to the substrate and deposited on it as a thin layer (a few nm to approx. 10 μm) more


  2. Power technology (typically > 12V >500mA)


    3. Single-phase alternating current
      Switching current in A
    Applications 1 10 100 1000 10.000
    Appliance switches
    Ag|AgCu
    AgNi0,15
    Ag/Ni
    Ag/SnO2
    Ag/ZnO
    Light switches

    Main switches

    Ag|AgCu
    AgNi0,15
    Ag/SnO2
    Ag/ZnO
    Power relays
    Ag|AgCu
    AgNi0,15
    Ag/Ni
    Ag/SnO2
    Ag/ZnO
    Circuit breakers

    (domestic MCCBs)

    Ag/SnO2
    Ag/AgZnO/CdO
    AgNi
    Ag/CAg/Ni
    Disconnect, power and motor switches (control relays and contactors)
    Ag|AgCu
    AgNi0,15
    Ag/Ni
    Ag/SnO2
    Ag/AgZnO/CdO
    Heavy-duty switchgear (industrial)
    Ag/SnO2
    Ag/ZnO
    Ag/C AgNi0,15|Ag/Ni
    Ag/W, Ag/WC/C
    Ag/WC
    Automotive relays and switches
    Ag,AgNi0,15
    Ag/Ni
    Ag/SnO2
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