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<xr id="fig:Precipitation_hardening_of_CuBe2_at_325°C_after_different_cold_working"/><!--Fig. 5.29:--> Aushärtung von CuBe2 bei 325°C nach unterschiedlicher Kaltumformung
<xr id="fig:Precipitation_hardening_of_CuBe2_(soft)_at_325°C"/><!--Fig. 5.30:--> Precipitation hardening of Aushärtung von CuBe2 (softweich) at bei 325°C
<xr id="fig:Precipitation_hardening_of_CuBe2_(half hard)_at_different_annealing_temperatures"/><!--Fig. 5.31:--> Precipitation hardening of Aushärtung von CuBe2 (half hardhalbhart) at different annealing temperaturesbei verschiedenen Anlasstemperaturen
</div>
<figure id="fig:Precipitation_hardening_of_CuBe2_(soft)_at_325°C">
[[File:Precipitation hardening of CuBe2 (soft) at 325C.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Precipitation hardening of Aushärtung von CuBe2 (softweich) at bei 325°C</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Precipitation_hardening_of_CuBe2_(half hard)_at_different_annealing_temperatures">
[[File:Precipitation hardening of CuBe2 half hard.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Precipitation hardening of Aushärtung von CuBe2 (half hardhalbhart) at different annealing temperaturesbei verschiedenen Anlasstemperaturen</caption>]]
</figure>
</div>
<figtable id="tab:Physical_Properties_of_Selected_Copper_Beryllium_Alloys">
<caption>'''<!--Table 5.17:-->Physical Properties of Selected CopperPhysikalische Eigenschaften einiger Kupfer-Beryllium Alloys-Legierungen'''</caption>
{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Material<br />DesignationWerkstoff Bezeichnung<br />EN UNS !CompositionZusammensetzung<br />[wtMassen-%]!DensityDichte<br />[g/cm<sup>3</sup>]!colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|Electrical<br />Conductivity Elektr. Leitfähigkeit!Electrical<br />ResistivityElektr. Widerstand<br />[μΩ·cm]!Thermal<br />ConductivityWärmeleitfähigkeit<br />[W/(m·K)]!CoeffLin. Ausdehnungskoeff. of Linear<br />Thermal<br />Expansion<br />[10<sup>-6</sup>/K]!Modulus of<br />ElasticityE-Modul<br />[GPa]!Softening TemperatureErweichungstemperatur<br />(approxca. 10% loss in<br />strengthFestigkeitsabfall)<br />[°C]!Melting<br />Temp RangeSchmelzbereich<br />[°C]
|-
!
</figtable>
<sup>a</sup>solution annealed, and cold rolledlösungsgeglüht und kaltumgeformt<br /> <sup>b</sup>solution annealedlösungsgeglüht, cold rolled, and precipitation hardenedkaltumgeformt und ausscheidungsgehärtet<br /> <sup>c</sup>solution annealed, cold rolledlösungsgeglüht, and precipitation hardened at mill kaltumgeformt und ausscheidungsgehärtet im Werk (mill hardenedwerksvergütet)
<figtable id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Selected Copper-Beryllium Alloys">
<caption>'''<!--Table 5.18:-->Mechanical Properties of Selected CopperMechanische Eigenschaften von Kupfer-Beryllium Alloys-Legierungen'''</caption>
{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!MaterialWerkstoff!Hardness<br />ConditionZustand!Tensile Strength Zugfestigkeit R<sub>m</sub><br />[MPa]!0,2% Yield StrengthDehngrenze<br />R<sub>p02</sub><br />[MPa]!ElongationBruchdehnung<br />A<sub>50</sub><br />[%]!Vickers<br />HardnessVickershärte<br />HV!Bend RadiusBiegeradius<sup>1)</sup><br />perpendicular tomin senkrecht zur<br />rolling directionWalzrichtung!Bend RadiusBiegeradius<sup>1)</sup><br />min parallel tozur<br />rolling directionWalzrichtung!Spring BendingFederbiegegrenze<br />Limit σ<sub>FB</sub><br />[MPa]!Spring FatigueBiegewechselfestigkeit<br />Limit σ<sub>BW</sub><br />[MPa]
|-
|CuBe1,7
|}
</figtable>
<sup>1)</sup> t: Strip thickness Banddicke max. 0.,5 mm<br /><sup>a</sup>solution annealed, and cold rolledlösungsgeglüht und kaltumgeformt<br /> <sup>b</sup>solution annealed, cold rolledlösungsgeglüht, and precipitation hardenedkaltumgeformt und ausscheidungsgehärtet<br /> <sup>c</sup>solution annealed, cold rolledlösungsgeglüht, and precipitation hardened at mill kaltumgeformt und ausscheidungsgehärtet im Werk (mill hardenedwerksvergütet)
====<!--5.1.6.2-->Other Precipitation Hardening Copper AlloysWeitere aushärtbare Kupfer-Legierungen====
=====<!--5.1.6.2.1-->CopperKupfer-Chromium AlloysChrom-Legierungen=====
<div id="figures5">
<xr id="fig:Copper corner of the copper-chromium phase diagram for up to 0.8 wt% chromium"/><!--Fig. 5.32:--> Copper corner of the copperKupferecke des Zustandsdiagramms Kupfer-chromium phase diagram for up to Chrom bis 0.,8 wtMassen-% chromiumChrom
<xr id="fig:Softening of precipitation hardened and subsequently cold worked CuCr1"/><!--Fig. 5.33:--> Softening of precipitation-hardened and subsequently cold worked Erweichungsverhalten von warmausgehärtetem und nachverformtem CuCr1 after 4hrs annealing
<xr id="fig:Electrical conductivity of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6"/><!--Fig. 5.34 a:--> Electrical conductivity of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.Abhängigkeit der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit von lösungsgeglühtem CuCr0,6 as a function of annealing conditionsvon der Glühbehandlung
<xr id="fig:Hardness of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6"/><!--Fig. 5.34 b:--> Hardness of precipitation hardened Abhängigkeit der Härte von lösungsgeglühtem CuCr 0.,6 as a function of annealing conditionsvon der Glühbehandlung
<xr id="fig:Electrical conductivity and hardness of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6"/><!--Fig. 5.35:--> Electrical conductivity and hardness of precipitation hardened Elektrische Leitfähigkeit und Härte von warmausgehärtetem CuCr 0.,6 after cold workingnach Kaltumformung
</div>
<figure id="fig:Copper corner of the copper-chromium phase diagram for up to 0.8 wt% chromium">
[[File:Copper corner of the copper chromium phase diagram.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Copper corner of the copperKupferecke des Zustandsdiagramms Kupfer-chromium phase diagram for up to Chrom bis 0.,8 wtMassen-% chromiumChrom</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Softening of precipitation hardened and subsequently cold worked CuCr1">
[[File:Softening of precipitation hardened and subsequently cold worked CuCr1.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of precipitation-hardened and subsequently cold worked Erweichungsverhalten von warmausgehärtetem und nachverformtem CuCr1 after 4hrs annealing</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Electrical conductivity of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6">
[[File:Electrical conductivity of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Electrical conductivity of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.Abhängigkeit der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit von lösungsgeglühtem CuCr0,6 as a function of annealing conditionsvon der Glühbehandlung</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Hardness of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6">
[[File:Hardness of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Hardness of precipitation hardened Abhängigkeit der Härte von lösungsgeglühtem CuCr 0.,6 as a function of annealing conditionsvon der Glühbehandlung</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Electrical conductivity and hardness of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6">
[[File:Electrical conductivity and hardness of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Electrical conductivity and hardness of precipitation hardened Elektrische Leitfähigkeit und Härte von warmausgehärtetem CuCr 0.,6 after cold workingnach Kaltumformung</caption>]]
</figure>
</div>
<figtable id="tab:Physical Properties of Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys">
<caption>'''<!--Table 5.19:-->Physical Properties of Other Precipitation Hardening Copper AlloysPhysikalische Eigenschaften weiterer aushärtbarer Kupfer-Legierungen'''</caption>
{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Material<br />DesignationWerkstoff Bezeichnung<br />EN UNS !CompositionZusammensetzung<br />[wtMassen-%]!DensityDichte<br />[g/cm<sup>3</sup>]!colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|Electrical<br />Conductivity Elektr. Leitfähigkeit!Electrical<br />ResistivityElektr. Widerstand<br />[μΩ·cm]!Thermal<br />ConductivityWärmeleitfähigkeit<br />[W/(m·K)]!CoeffLin. Ausdehnungskoeff. of Linear<br />Thermal<br />Expansion<br />[10<sup>-6</sup>/K]!Modulus of<br />ElasticityE-Modul<br />[GPa]!Softening TemperatureErweichungstemperatur<br />(approxca. 10% loss in<br />strengthFestigkeitsabfall)<br />[°C]!Melting<br />Temp RangeSchmelzbereich<br />[°C]
|-
!
</figtable>
<sup>a</sup>solution annealed, and cold rolledlösungsgeglüht und kaltumgeformt<br /> <sup>b</sup>solution annealed, cold rolledlösungsgeglüht, and precipitation hardenedkaltumgeformt und ausscheidungsgehärtet<br />
<figtable id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys">
<caption>'''<!--Table 5.20:-->Mechanical Properties of Other Precipitation Hardening Copper AlloysMechanische Eigenschaften weiterer aushärtbarer Kupfer-Legierungen'''</caption>
<table class="twocolortable">
<tr><th><p class="s16">MaterialWerkstoff</p></th><th><p class="s16">Hardness</p><p class="s16">Condi- tionZustand</p></th><th><p class="s16">TensileZugfestigkeit</p><p class="s16">Strength R<span class="s18">m</span></p><p class="s16">[MPa]</p></th><th><p class="s16">0,2% YieldDehngrenze</p><p class="s16">Strength R<span class="s18">p02</span></p><p class="s16">[MPa]</p></th><th><p class="s16">ElongationBruchdehnung</p><p class="s16">A50</p><p class="s16">[%]</p></th><th><p class="s16">Vickers</p><p class="s16">HardnessVickershärte</p><p class="s16">HV</p></th><th><p class="s16">Spring BendingFederbiegegrenze</p><p class="s16">Limit <span class="s19">F</span><span class="s18">FB </span>[MPa]</p></th></tr><tr><td><p class="s16">CuCr</p></td><td><p class="s16">R 230<span class="s18">a</span></p><p class="s16">R 400<span class="s18">a </span>R 450<span class="s18">b </span>R 550<span class="s18">b</span></p></td><td><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 230</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 400</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 450</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 550</span></p></td><td><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 80</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 295</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 325</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 440</span></p></td><td><p class="s16">30</p><p class="s16">10</p><p class="s16">10</p><p class="s16">8</p></td><td><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 55</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 120</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 130</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 150</span></p></td><td><p class="s16">350</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s16">CuZr</p></td><td><p class="s16">R 260<span class="s18">a</span></p><p class="s16">R 370<span class="s18">a </span>R 400<span class="s18">b </span>R 420<span class="s18">b</span></p></td><td><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 260</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 370</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 400</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 420</span></p></td><td><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 100</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 270</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 280</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 400</span></p></td><td><p class="s16">35</p><p class="s16">12</p><p class="s16">12</p><p class="s16">10</p></td><td><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 55</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 100</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 105</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 115</span></p></td><td><p class="s16">280</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s16">CuCr1Zr</p></td><td><p class="s16">R 200<span class="s18">a</span></p><p class="s16">R 400<span class="s18">b</span></p><p class="s16">R 450<span class="s18">b</span></p></td><td><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 200</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 400</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 450</span></p></td><td><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 60</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 210</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 360</span></p></td><td><p class="s16">30</p><p class="s16">12</p><p class="s16">10</p></td><td><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 70</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 140</span></p><p class="s33">><span class="s16"> 155</span></p></td><td><p class="s16">420</p></td></tr></table>
</figtable>
=====<!--5.1.6.2.2-->CopperKupfer-Zirconium AlloysZirkon-Legierungen=====
=====<!--5.1.6.2.3-->CopperKupfer-ChromiumChrom-Zirconium AlloysZirkon-Legierungen=====
<xr id="fig:Copper corner of the copper zirconium for up to 0.5-wt zirconium"/><!--Fig. 5.36:--> Copper corner of the copperKupferecke des Zustandsdiagramms Kupfer- zirconium for up to Zirkon bis 0.,5 wtMassen-% zirconiumZirkon
<xr id="fig:Softening of CuCr1Zr after 1hr annealing"/><!--Fig. 5.37:--> Softening of Erweichungsverhalten von CuCr1Zr after 1 hr annealing and after nach 1h Glühdauer und einer Kaltumformung von 90% cold working
<div class="multiple-images">
<figure id="fig:Copper corner of the copper zirconium for up to 0.5-wt zirconium">
[[File:Copper corner of the copper zirconium for up to 0.5-wt zirconium.jpg|right|thumb|Copper corner of the copperKupferecke des Zustandsdiagramms Kupfer- zirconium for up to Zirkon bis 0.,5 wtMassen-% zirconiumZirkon]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Softening of CuCr1Zr after 1hr annealing">
[[File:Softening of CuCr1Zr after 1hr annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of Erweichungsverhalten von CuCr1Zr after 1 hr annealing and after nach 1h Glühdauer und einer Kaltumformung von 90% cold working]]
</figure>
</div>