Changes

===<!--6.4.4 -->Switching Contacts===<ul><li>'''Effects during switching operations'''</li>

<div class="multiple-images"><figure id="fig:Contact_opening_with_arc_formation_schematic">[[File:Contact opening with arc formation schematic.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Contact opening with arc formation (schematic)</caption>]]</figure></div><div class="clear"></div> <li>'''Influence of out-gasing from plastics'''</li> <xr id="fig:fig6Histogram_of_the_contact_resistance_Rk"/><!--Fig. 6.79:--> Histogram of the contact resistance Rk of an electroplated palladium layer (3 μm) with and without hard gold flash plating (0.2 μm) after exposure with different plastic materials <xr id="fig:Contact resistance with exposure to out gasing from plastics"/> <!--Fig. 6.710: --> Contact opening resistance with exposure to out gasing from plastics as a function of numbers of operations at 6 V_DC,100 mA: 1 Silicon containing plastic; 2 Plastics with strongly out-gasing components; 3 Plastics with minimal out-gasing components  <div class="multiple-images"><figure id="fig:Histogram_of_the_contact_resistance_Rk">[[File:Histogram of the contact resistance Rk.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Histogram of the contact resistance R_K of an electroplated palladium layer (3 μm) with and without hard gold flash plating (0.2 μm) after exposure with different plastic materials</caption>]]</figure> <figure id="fig:Contact resistance with exposure to out gasing from plastics">[[File:Contact resistance with exposure to out gasing from plastics.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Contact resistance with exposure to out-gasing from plastics as a function of numbers of operations at 6 V_DC,100 mA: 1 Silicon containing plastic; 2 Plastics with strongly out-gasing components; 3 Plastics with minimal out-gasing components</caption>]]</figure></div><div class="clear"></div>  <li>'''Influence of corrosive gases on the contact resistance'''</li> <xr id="fig:Distribution of cumulative frequency H of the contact resistance for solid contact rivets"/><!--Fig. 6.11:--> Distribution of cumulative frequency H of the contact resistance for solid contact rivets after 10 days exposure in a three-component test environment with arc formation schematic400 ppb each of H₂S, SO₂ and NO₂ at 25°C, 75% RH; Contact force 10cN; Measuring parameters: ≤ 40 mV_DC,10 mA; Probingcontact: Gold rivet

<figure id="fig:fig6.7Distribution of cumulative frequency H of the contact resistance for solid contact rivets">[[File:Contact opening with arc formation schematicDistribution of cumulative frequency H of the contact resistance for solid contact rivets.jpg|rightleft|thumb|<caption>Distribution of cumulative frequency H of the contact resistance for solid contact rivets after 10 days exposure in a three-component test environment with 400 ppb each of H₂S, SO₂ and NO₂ at 25°C, 75% RH; Contact opening with arc formation (schematic)force 10cN; Measuring parameters: ≤ 40 mV_DC,10 mA; Probingcontact: Gold rivet</caption>]]

Fig. 6[[File:Influences on contact areas in relays.10: Contact resistance with exposure to out-gasing from plastics as a function of numbers ofoperations at 6 V ,100 mA: 1 Silicon containing plastic; 2 Plastics with strongly out-gasing DCcomponents; 3 Plastics with minimal out-gasing componentsjpg|right|thumb|Influences on contact areas in relays]]

*<li>'''Influence Contact Phenomena under the influence of corrosive gases on the contact resistancearcing Matertia'''</li><ul><li>'''Material transfer'''</li>

<xr id="fig:Material transfer under DC load"/><!--Fig. 6.1112: Distribution of cumulative frequency H of the contact resistance for solid contact rivetsafter 10 days exposure in --> Material transfer under DC load a three-component test environment with 400 ppb each of H) Cathode; b) Anode. <br /> Material: AgNi0.15; Switching parameters: 12V_2DCS, SO3 A, 2x10<subsup>26</subsup> andoperations NO<subdiv class="multiple-images"><figure id="fig:Material transfer under DC load">[[File:Material transfer under DC load.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>2Material transfer under DC load a) Cathode; b) Anode. <br /sub> at 25°C, 75% RHMaterial: AgNi0.15; Contact force 10cN; Measuring Switching parameters: ≤ 40 mV12V_DC,10 mA; Probing3 A, 2x10⁶ perations</caption>]]</figure></div>contact: Gold rivet<div class="clear"></div>

*'''Contact Phenomena under the influence <div class="multiple-images"><figure id="fig:Arc erosion of a AgSnO2 contact pair after extreme arcing Matertia'''*'''Material transfer'''Figconditions">[[File:Arc erosion of a AgSnO2 contact pair after extreme arcing conditions. 6.12: Material transfer under DC load jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Arc erosion of a Ag/SnO₂ contact pair after extreme arcing conditions a) CathodeOverall view; b) Anode.Partial detail view</caption>]]</figure></div>6 Material: AgNi0.15; Switching parameters: 12VDC, 3 A, 2x10 operations<div class="clear"></div>

*<li>'''Arc erosionContact welding'''</li>

<xr id="fig:Micro structure of a welded contact pair after extremely high current load"/><!--Fig. 6.13 Arc erosion 14:--> Micro structure of a welded contact pair (Ag/SnO₂ contact pair 88/12 - Ag/CdO88/12) after extreme arcing conditionsextremely high current load. a) Overall viewAg/SnO₂88/12; b) Partial detail viewAg/CdO88/12

*'''Contact welding'''<div class="multiple-images">Fig<figure id="fig:Micro structure of a welded contact pair after extremely high current load">[[File:Micro structure of a welded contact pair after extremely high current load. 6.14: jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure of a welded contact pair (Ag/SnO₂ 88/12 - Ag/CdO88/12) after extremely high current load. a) Ag/SnO₂ 88/12; b) Ag/CdO88/12</caption>]]</figure></div><div class="clear"></div></ul></ul>