Changes

Pure silver (also called fine silver) exhibits the highest electrical and thermalconductivity of all metals. It is also resistant against oxidation. Major disadvantagesare its low mechanical wear resistance, the low softening temperature,and especially its strong affinity to sulfur and sulfur compounds. In the presenceof sulfur and sulfur containing compounds brownish to black silver sulfide layerare formed on its surface. These can cause increased contact resistance oreven total failure of a switching device if they are not mechanically, electrically,or thermally destroyed. Other weaknesses of silver contacts are the tendency toweld under the influence of over-currents and the low resistance againstmaterial transfer when switching DC loads. In humid environments and underthe influence of an electrical field silver can creep (silver migration) and causeelectrical shorting between adjacent current paths.

<xr id="tab:Overview_of_the_Most_Widely_Used_Silver_Grades"/><!--(Table 2.11 )--> shows the typically available quality grades of silver. In certaineconomic areas, i.e. China, there are additional grades with varying amounts ofimpurities available on the market. In powder form silver is used for a widevariety of silver based composite contact materials. Different manufacturingprocesses result in different grades of Ag powder as shown in <xr id="tab:Quality_Criteria_of_Differently_Manufactured_Silver_Powders"/><!--Table 2.12-->.additional Additional properties of silver powders and their usage are describedin chapter [[ Precious Metal Powders and Preparations#Precious_Metal_Powders|Precious Metal Powders ]] und [[Precious_Metal_Powders_and_Preparations|Table Different Types of Silver Powders.]]<!--(Tab. 8.1.)--> Semi-finished silver materials can easily be warm or cold formed and can beclad to the usual base materials(<xr id="fig:Strain hardening of Ag bei cold working"/> and <xr id="fig:Softening of Ag after annealing after different degrees"/>). For attachment of silver to contact carriermaterials welding of wire or profile cut-offs and brazing are most widely applied.Besides these mechanical processes such as wire insertion (wire staking) andthe riveting (staking) of solid or composite contact rivets are used in themanufacture of contact components.

Contacts made from fine silver are applied in various electrical switchingdevices such as relays, pushbuttons, appliance and control switches forcurrents < 2 A ''(<xr id="tab:Application Examples and Forms of Supply for Silver and Silver Alloys"/>)<!--(Table 2.16)''-->. Electroplated silver coatings are widely used toreduce the contact resistance and improve the brazing behavior of other contactmaterials and components.

<figtable id="tab:Overview_of_the_Most_Widely_Used_Silver_Grades"><caption>'''<!--Table 2.1211: Quality Criteria -->Overview of Differently Manufactured the Most Widely Used Silver PowdersGrades'''</caption><table class="twocolortable"><tr><th><p class="s12">Designation</p></th><th><p class="s12">Composition minimum Ag [wt%]</p></th><th><p class="s12">Impurities</p><p class="s12">[ppm]</p></th><th><p class="s12">Notes on Usage</p></th></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Spectroscopically</p><p class="s12">Pure Ag</p></td><td><p class="s11">99.999</p></td><td><p class="s11">Cu &lt; 3</p><p class="s11">Zn &lt; 1</p><p class="s11">Si &lt; 1</p><p class="s11">Ca &lt; 2</p><p class="s11">Fe &lt; 1</p><p class="s11">Mg &lt; 1</p><p class="s11">Cd &lt; 1</p></td><td><p class="s12">Sheets, strips, rods, wires for electronic applications</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">High Purity Ag, oxygen-free</p></td><td><p class="s11">99.995</p></td><td><p class="s11">Cu &lt; 30</p><p class="s11">Zn &lt; 2</p><p class="s11">Si &lt; 5</p><p class="s11">Ca &lt; 10</p><p class="s11">Fe &lt; 3</p><p class="s11">Mg &lt; 5</p><p class="s11">Cd &lt; 3</p></td><td><p class="s12">Ingots, bars, granulate for alloying purposes</p><p class="s12"></p></td></tr></table></figtable>

Fig<figtable id="tab:Quality_Criteria_of_Differently_Manufactured_Silver_Powders"><caption>'''<!--Table 2.12:-->Quality Criteria of Differently Manufactured Silver Powders'''</caption> {| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"|-!colspan="2" |Impurities !Ag-Chem.*!Ag-ES**!Ag-V***|-|Cu |ppm|< 100|< 300|< 300|-|Fe |ppm|< 50|< 100|< 100|-|Ni |ppm|< 50|< 50|< 50|-|Cd |ppm|||< 50|-|Zn |ppm|||< 10|-|Na + K + Mg + Ca |ppm|< 80|< 50|< 50|-|Ag CI |ppm|< 500|< 500|< 500|-|NO₃ |ppm|< 40|< 40||-|Nh₄CI |ppm|< 30|< 30||-!colspan="5" |Particle Size Distribution (screen analysis)|-|> 100 μm |%|0|0|0|-|< 100 bis > 63 μm |%|< 5|< 5|< 15|-|< 36 μm |%|< 80|< 90|< 75|-|Apparent Density |g/cm³|1.0 - 1.6|1.0 - 1.5|3 - 4|-|Tap Density |ml/100g|40 - 50|40 - 50|15 - 25|-!colspan="5" |Press/Sintering Behavior|-|Press Density |g/cm³|5. 6 - 6.5|5.6 - 6.3|6.5 - 8.5|-|Sinter Density |g/cm³|> 9|> 9.3|> 8|-|Volume Shrinkage |%|> 34|> 35|> 0|-|Annealing Loss|%|< 2|< 0.1|< 0.1|}</figtable> <nowiki>*</nowiki> Manufactured by chemical precipitation <br /><nowiki>**</nowiki> Manufactured by electrolytic deposition <br /><nowiki>***</nowiki> Manufactured by atomizing of a melt  <div class="multiple-images"> <figure id="fig:Strain hardening of Ag bei cold working">[[File:Strain hardening of Ag bei cold working.46jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of Ag 99.95 - cold working</caption>]]</figure> <figure id="fig:Softening of Ag after annealing after different degrees">[[File:Softening of Ag after annealing after different degrees.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of Ag 99.95after annealing for 1 hr after differentdegrees of strain hardening</caption>]]</figure></div><div class="clear"></div>

To improve the physical and contact properties of fine silver , melt-metallurgicalproduced silver alloys are used ''(<xr id="tab:Physical Properties of Silver and Silver Alloys"/>)<!--(Table 2.13)''-->. By adding metal components , themechanical properties such as hardness and tensile strength as well as typicalcontact properties such as erosion resistance, and resistance against materialtransfer in DC circuits are increased ''(<xr id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Silver and Silver Alloys"/>)<!--(Table 2.14)''-->. On the other hand however,other properties such as electrical conductivity and chemical corrosionresistance can be negatively impacted by alloying ''(Figs<xr id="fig:Influence of 1 10 atom of different alloying metals"/><!--(Fig. 2.47 )--> and <xr id="fig:Electrical resistivity p of AgCu alloys"/>)<!--(Fig. 2.48)-->. <figtable id="tab:Physical Properties of Silver and Silver Alloys"><caption>'''<!--Table 2.13:-->Physical Properties of Silver and Silver Alloys'''</caption> {| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"|-!Material !Silver Content<br />[wt%]!Density<br />[g/cm³]!Melting Point<br />or Range<br />[°C]!Electrical<br />Resistivity<br />[μΩ·cm]!Electrical<br />Conductivity<br />[MS/m]!Thermal<br />Conductivity<br />[W/mK]!Temp. Coefficient of<br />the Electr.Resistance<br />[10^-3/K]!Modulus of<br />Elasticity<br />[GPa]|-|Ag|99.95|10.5|961|1.67|60|419|4.1|80|-|AgNi0.15|99.85|10.5|960|1.72|58|414|4.0|82|-|AgCu3|97|10.4|900 - 938|1.92|52|385|3.2|85|-|AgCu5|95|10.4|910|1.96|51|380|3.0|85|-|AgCu10|90|10.3|870|2.0|50|335|2.8|85|-|AgCu28|72|10.0|779|2.08|48|325|2.7|92|-|Ag98CuNi<br />ARGODUR 27|98|10.4|940|1.92|52|385|3.5|85|-|AgCu24.5Ni0.5|75|10.0|805|2.20|45|330|2.7|92|-|Ag99.5NiMg<br />ARGODUR 32<br />Not heat treated|99.5|10.5|960|2.32|43|293|2.3|80|-|ARGODUR 32<br />Heat treated|99.5|10.5|960|2.32|43|293|2.1|80|}</figtable> <div class="multiple-images"> <figure id="fig:Influence of 1 10 atom of different alloying metals">[[File:Influence of 1 10 atom of different alloying metals.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Influence of 1-10 atom% of different alloying metals on the electrical resistivity of silver</caption>]]</figure> <figure id="fig:Electrical resistivity p of AgCu alloys">[[File:Electrical resistivity p of AgCu alloys.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Electrical resistivity p of AgCu alloys with 0-20 weight% Cu in the soft annealed and tempered stage a) Annealed and quenched b)Tempered at 280°C</caption>]]</figure></div><div class="clear"></div> <figtable id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Silver and Silver Alloys"><caption>'''<!--Table 2.14:-->Mechanical Properties of Silver and Silver Alloys'''</caption><table class="twocolortable"><tr><th><p class="s12">Material</p></th><th><p class="s12">Hardness</p><p class="s12">Condition</p></th><th><p class="s12">Tensile Strength</p><p class="s12">R<span class="s31">m </span>[MPa]</p></th><th><p class="s12">Elongation A [%] min.</p></th><th><p class="s12">Vickers Hardness</p><p class="s12">HV 10</p></th></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Ag</p></td><td><p class="s12">R 200</p><p class="s12">R 250</p><p class="s12">R 300</p><p class="s12">R 360</p></td><td><p class="s12">200 - 250</p><p class="s12">250 - 300</p><p class="s12">300 - 360</p><p class="s12">&gt; 360</p></td><td><p class="s12">30</p><p class="s12">8</p><p class="s12">3</p><p class="s12">2</p></td><td><p class="s12">30</p><p class="s12">60</p><p class="s12">80</p><p class="s12">90</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">AgNi0.15</p><p class="s12"></p></td><td><p class="s12">R 220</p><p class="s12">R 270</p><p class="s12">R 320</p><p class="s12">R 360</p></td><td><p class="s12">220 - 270</p><p class="s12">270 - 320</p><p class="s12">320 - 360</p><p class="s12">&gt; 360</p></td><td><p class="s12">25</p><p class="s12">6</p><p class="s12">2</p><p class="s12">1</p></td><td><p class="s12">40</p><p class="s12">70</p><p class="s12">85</p><p class="s12">100</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">AgCu3</p></td><td><p class="s12">R 250</p><p class="s12">R 330</p><p class="s12">R 400</p><p class="s12">R 470</p></td><td><p class="s12">250 - 330</p><p class="s12">330 - 400</p><p class="s12">400 - 470</p><p class="s12">&gt; 470</p></td><td><p class="s12">25</p><p class="s12">4</p><p class="s12">2</p><p class="s12">1</p></td><td><p class="s12">45</p><p class="s12">90</p><p class="s12">115</p><p class="s12">120</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">AgCu5</p></td><td><p class="s12">R 270</p><p class="s12">R 350</p><p class="s12">R 460</p><p class="s12">R 550</p></td><td><p class="s12">270 - 350</p><p class="s12">350 - 460</p><p class="s12">460 - 550</p><p class="s12">&gt; 550</p></td><td><p class="s12">20</p><p class="s12">4</p><p class="s12">2</p><p class="s12">1</p></td><td><p class="s12">55</p><p class="s12">90</p><p class="s12">115</p><p class="s12">135</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">AgCu10</p></td><td><p class="s12">R 280</p><p class="s12">R 370</p><p class="s12">R 470</p><p class="s12">R 570</p></td><td><p class="s12">280 - 370</p><p class="s12">370 - 470</p><p class="s12">470 - 570</p><p class="s12">&gt; 570</p></td><td><p class="s12">15</p><p class="s12">3</p><p class="s12">2</p><p class="s12">1</p></td><td><p class="s12">60</p><p class="s12">95</p><p class="s12">130</p><p class="s12">150</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">AgCu28</p></td><td><p class="s12">R 300</p><p class="s12">R 380</p><p class="s12">R 500</p><p class="s12">R 650</p></td><td><p class="s12">300 - 380</p><p class="s12">380 - 500</p><p class="s12">500 - 650</p><p class="s12">&gt; 650</p></td><td><p class="s12">10</p><p class="s12">3</p><p class="s12">2</p><p class="s12">1</p></td><td><p class="s12">90</p><p class="s12">120</p><p class="s12">140</p><p class="s12">160</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Ag98CuNi</p><p class="s12">ARGODUR 27</p></td><td><p class="s12">R 250</p><p class="s12">R 310</p><p class="s12">R 400</p><p class="s12">R 450</p></td><td><p class="s12">250 - 310</p><p class="s12">310 - 400</p><p class="s12">400 - 450</p><p class="s12">&gt; 450</p></td><td><p class="s12">20</p><p class="s12">5</p><p class="s12">2</p><p class="s12">1</p></td><td><p class="s12">50</p><p class="s12">85</p><p class="s12">110</p><p class="s12">120</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">AgCu24,5Ni0,5</p></td><td><p class="s12">R 300</p><p class="s12">R 600</p></td><td><p class="s12">300 - 380</p><p class="s12">&gt; 600</p></td><td><p class="s12">10</p><p class="s12">1</p></td><td><p class="s12">105</p><p class="s12">180</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Ag99,5NiMg</p><p class="s12">ARGODUR 32</p><p class="s12">Not heat treated</p></td><td><p class="s12">R 220</p><p class="s12">R 260</p><p class="s12">R 310</p><p class="s12">R 360</p></td><td><p class="s12">220</p><p class="s12">260</p><p class="s12">310</p><p class="s12">360</p></td><td><p class="s12">25</p><p class="s12">5</p><p class="s12">2</p><p class="s12">1</p></td><td><p class="s12">40</p><p class="s12">70</p><p class="s12">85</p><p class="s12">100</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">ARGODUR 32 Heat treated</p></td><td><p class="s12">R 400</p></td><td><p class="s12">400</p></td><td><p class="s12">2</p></td><td><p class="s12">130-170</p></td></tr></table></figtable>

Fine-Grain Silver (ARGODUR-Spezial) silver is defined as a silver alloy with an additionof 0.15 wt% of Nickelnickel. Silver and nickel are not soluble in each other in solidform. In liquid silver , only a small amount of nickel is soluble as the phase diagram''illustrates (<xr id="fig:Phase diagram of silver nickel"/><!--(Fig. 2.51)'' illustrates-->). During solidification of the melt , this nickel addition getsfinely dispersed in the silver matrix and eliminates the pronounce coarse graingrowth after prolonged influence of elevated temperatures ''(Figs<xr id="fig:Coarse grain micro structure of Ag"/><!--(Fig. 2.49 )--> and <xr id="fig:Fine grain microstructure of AgNiO"/><!--(Fig. 2.50)''-->). <div class="multiple-images"> <figure id="fig:Coarse grain micro structure of Ag">[[File:Coarse grain micro structure of Ag.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Coarse grain micro structure of Ag 99.97 after 80% cold working and 1 hr annealing at 600°C</caption>]]</figure> <figure id="fig:Fine grain microstructure of AgNiO">[[File:Fine grain microstructure of AgNiO.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Fine grain microstructure of AgNi0.15 after 80% cold working and 1 hr annealing at 600°C</caption>]]</figure> <figure id="fig:Phase diagram of silver nickel">[[File:Phase diagram of silver nickel.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Phase diagram of silver nickel</caption>]]</figure></div><div class="clear"></div>

Fine-grain Grain silver has almost the same chemical corrosion resistance as finesilver. Compared to pure silver , it exhibits a slightly increased hardness andtensile strength ''(<xr id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Silver and Silver Alloys"/><!--(Table 2.14)''-->). The electrical conductivity is just slightly decreasedby this low nickel addition. Because of its significantly improved contactproperties , fine grain silver has replaced pure silver in many applications.

Using copper as an alloying component increases the mechanical stability ofsilver significantly(<xr id="fig:Strain hardening of AgCu3 by cold working"/>, <xr id="fig:Softening of AgCu3 after annealing"/> and <xr id="fig:Strain hardening of AgCu5 by cold working"/>). The most important among the binary AgCu alloys is that ofAgCu3, known in europe also under the name of known as hard-silver. This material stillhas a chemical corrosion resistance close to that of fine silver. In comparison topure silver and fine-grain silver , AgCu3 exhibits increased mechanical strengthas well as higher arc erosion resistance and mechanical wear resistance''(Table 2.14)''.

Increasing the Cu content further also increases the mechanical strength ofAgCu alloys and improves arc erosion resistance and resistance againstmaterial transfer while at the same time however simultaneously the tendency to oxide formationbecomes detrimental. This causes - during switching under arcing conditions - anincrease in contact resistance with rising numbers of operation. In specialapplications , where highest mechanical strength is recommended and a reducedchemical resistance can be tolerated, the eutectic AgCu alloy with 28 wt% ofcopper ''is used (<xr id="fig:Phase diagram of silver copper"/>)<!--(Fig. 2.52)'' is used-->. AgCu10 , also known as coin silver , has beenreplaced in many applications by composite silver-based materials while sterlingsilver (AgCu7.5) has never extended its important usage from decorative tablewear and jewelry to industrial applications in electrical contacts.

Besides these binary alloys, ternary AgCuNi alloys are used in electrical contactapplications. From this group , the material ARGODUR 27, an alloy of 98 wt% Agwith a 2 wt% Cu and nickel addition has found practical importance close to thatof AgCu3. This material is characterized by high resistance to oxidation and lowtendency to re-crystallization during exposure to high temperatures. Besideshigh mechanical stability this AgCuNi alloy also exhibits a strong resistanceagainst arc erosion. Because of its high resistance against material transfer , thealloy AgCu24.5Ni0.5 has been used in the automotive industry for an extendedtime in the North American market. Caused by miniaturization and the relatedreduction in available contact forces in relays and switches , this material hasbeen replaced widely because of its tendency to oxide formation.

The attachment methods used for the hard silver materials are mostly close tothose applied for fine silver and fine grain silver.

Hard-silver alloys are widely used for switching applications in the informationand energy technology for currents up to 10 A, in special cases also for highercurrent ranges ''(<xr id="tab:Application Examples and Forms of Supply for Silver and Silver Alloys"/>)<!--(Table 2.16)''-->.

Dispersion hardened alloys of silver with 0.5 wt% MgO and NiO (ARGODUR 32)are produced by internal oxidation. While the melt-metallurgical alloy is easy tocold-work and form , the material becomes very hard and brittle after dispersionhardening. Compared to fine silver and hard-silver , this material has a greatlyimproved temperature stability and can be exposed to brazing temperatures upto 800°C without decreasing its hardness and tensile strength.Because of these mechanical properties and its high electrical conductivityARGODUR 32 is mainly used in the form of contact springs that are exposed to high thermal and mechanical stresses in relays and contactors for aeronautic applications.

ARGODUR 32 is mainly used in the form <figure id="fig:Phase diagram of contact springs that are exposed tosilver copper"> high thermal and mechanical stresses in relays, and contactors for aeronautic[[File:Phase diagram of silver copper.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Phase diagram of silver-copper</caption>]]applications.</figure>

Fig. 2.47<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of AgCu3 by cold working"> Influence [[File:Strain hardening of 1-10 atom% of differentalloying metals on the electrical resistivity AgCu3 by cold working.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening ofAgCu3 by cold working</caption>]]silver</figure>

Fig. 2.48<figure id="fig:Softening of AgCu3 after annealing"> Electrical resistivity p[[File:Softening of AgCu3 after annealing.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of AgCu alloys with 0-20 weightAgCu3 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% Cuin the soft annealedand tempered stagea) Annealed and quenchedcold working</caption>]]b) Tempered at 280°C</figure>

Fig. 2.49<figure id="fig: Coarse grain micro structureStrain hardening of AgCu5 by cold working"> [[File:Strain hardening of Ag 99AgCu5 by cold working.97 after 80% jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of AgCu5 by cold working</caption>]]and 1 hr annealing at 600°C</figure>

Fig. 2.50<figure id="fig: Fine grain microstructureSoftening of AgCu5 after annealing"> [[File:Softening of AgNi0AgCu5 after annealing.15 jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of AgCu5 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working</caption>]]and 1 hr annealing at 600°C</figure>

Fig. 2.51<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of AgCu 10 by cold working"> Phase diagram[[File:Strain hardening of AgCu 10 by cold working.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of AgCu 10 by cold working</caption>]]of silver-nickel</figure>

Fig. 2.52<figure id="fig:Softening of AgCu10 after annealing"> Phase diagram[[File:Softening of AgCu10 after annealing.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of AgCu10 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working</caption>]]of silver-copper</figure>

Fig. 2.53<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of AgCu28 by cold working"> Phase diagram [[File:Strain hardening of AgCu28 by cold working.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening ofAgCu28 by cold working</caption>]]silver-cadmium</figure>

Table 2<figure id="fig:Softening of AgCu28 after annealing"> [[File:Softening of AgCu28 after annealing.14: Mechanical Properties jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of Silver and Silver AlloysAgCu28 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working</caption>]]</figure>

Fig<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of AgNi0. 215 by cold working"> [[File:Strain hardening of AgNiO15 by cold working.54:jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardeningof AgCu3AgNiO15 by cold working</caption>]]</figure>

Fig<figure id="fig:Softening of AgNi0. 215 after annealing"> [[File:Softening of AgNiO15 after annealing.55:jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of AgCu3AgNiO15 after annealing for 1 hr</caption>]]after 80% cold working</figure>

Fig. 2.56<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of ARGODUR 27"> [[File:Strain hardening of ARGODUR 27.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of AgCu5 AgCu1.8Ni0.2 (ARGODUR 27) by coldworking</caption>]]working</figure>

Fig. 2.57<figure id="fig:Softening of ARGODUR 27 after annealing"> [[File:Softening of AgCu5 ARGODUR 27 after annealing.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of AgCu1.8Ni0.2 (ARGODUR 27) afterannealing for 1 hr after 80% coldworking</caption>]]working</figure></div><div class="clear"></div>

Fig. <figtable id="tab:Contact and Switching Properties of Silver and Silver Alloys"><caption>'''<!--Table 2.6015:Strain hardening -->Contact and Switching Properties of AgCu28 bycold workingSilver and Silver Alloys'''</caption>

Fig. {| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"|-!Material !colspan="2" | Properties|-|Ag<br />AgNi0.61:15|Highest electrical and thermal conductivity, high affinity to sulfur (sulfide formation), low welding resistance, low contact resistance, very good formability |Oxidation resistant at higher make currents, limited arc erosion resistance, tendency to material transfer in DC circuits, easy to braze and weld to carrier materials|-|Ag Alloys |Increasing contact resistance with increasingCu content, compared to fine Ag higher arc erosion resistance and mechanical strength, lower tendency to material transferSoftening of AgCu28|Good formability, good brazing and welding properties after annealing for 1 hr after|}80% cold working</figtable>

Fig. <figtable id="tab:Application Examples and Forms of Supply for Silver and Silver Alloys"><caption>'''<!--Table 2.6316:Softening -->Application Examples and Forms of AgNi0.15after annealing Supply for 1 hr after 80%cold workingSilver and Silver Alloys'''</caption>

Fig. 2.64{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size:12px"Strain hardening |-!Material !Application Examples!Form ofSupply|-|Ag<br />AgNi0.15<br />AgCu3<br />AgNi98NiCu2<br />ARGODUR 27<br />AgCu24,5Ni0,5|Relays,<br />Micro switches,<br />Auxiliary current switches,<br />Control circuit devices,<br />Appliance switches,<br />Wiring devices (&le; 20A),<br />Main switches |'''Semi-finished Materials:''' <br />Strips, wires, contact profiles, clad contact strips, toplay profiles, seam- welded strips<br />'''Contact Parts:'''<br />Contact tips, solid and composite rivets, weld buttons; clad, welded and riveted contact parts|-|AgCu5<br />AgCu10<br />AgCu28 |Special applications|'''Semi-finished Materials:'''<br />Strips, wires, contact profiles, clad contact strips, seam-welded strips<br />'''Contact parts:'''<br />Contact tips, solid contact rivets, weld buttons; clad, welded and riveted contact parts|-|Ag99.5NiOMgO<br />ARGODUR 32|Miniature relays, aerospace relays and contactors, erosion wire for injection nozzles|Contact springs, contact carrier parts |}by cold working</figtable>

Fig. ====Silver-Palladium Alloys====The addition of 30 wt% Pd increases the mechanical properties as well as the resistance of silver against the influence of sulfur and sulfur containing compounds significantly (<xr id="tab:Physical Properties of Silver-Palladium Alloys"/><!--(Tab 2.6517)--> and <xr id="tab:SofteningMechanical Properties of ARGODUR 27 after annealingfor 1 hr after 80Silver-Palladium Alloys"/>)<!--(Tab.2.18)-->. Alloys with 40-60 wt% cold workingPd have an even higher resistance against silver sulfide formation. At these percentage ranges however, the catalytic properties of palladium can influence the contact resistance behavior negatively. The formability also decreases with increasing Pd contents.

Table 2.15AgPd alloys are hard, arc erosion resistant, and have a lower tendency towards material transfer under DC loads (<xr id="tab: Contact and Switching Properties of Silver and Silver -Palladium Alloys"/>)<!--(Table 2.19)-->. On the other hand, the electrical conductivity is decreased at higher Pd contents. The ternary alloy AgPd30Cu5 has an even higher hardness, which makes it suitable for use in sliding contact systems.

Table 2.16AgPd alloys are mostly used in relays for the switching of medium to higher loads (> 60V, > 2A) as shown in <xr id="tab: Application Examples and Forms of Supply Suppl for Silver -Palladium Alloys"/><!--(Table 2.20)-->. Because of the high palladium price, these formerly solid contacts have been widely replaced by multi-layer designs such as AgNi0.15 or AgNi10 with a thin Au surface layer. A broader field of application for AgPd alloys remains in the wear resistant sliding contact systems.  <div class="multiple-images"><figure id="fig:Phase diagram of silver palladium">[[File:Phase diagram of silver palladium.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Phase diagram of silver-palladium</caption>]]</figure> <figure id="fig:Strain hardening of AgPd30 by cold working">[[File:Strain hardening of AgPd30 by cold working.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of AgPd30 by cold working</caption>]]</figure> <figure id="fig:Strain hardening of AgPd50 by cold working">[[File:Strain hardening of AgPd50 by cold working.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of AgPd50 by cold working</caption>]]</figure> <figure id="fig:Strain hardening of AgPd30Cu5 by cold working">[[File:Strain hardening of AgPd30Cu5 by cold working.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of AgPd30Cu5 by cold working</caption>]]</figure> <figure id="fig:Softening of AgPd30 AgPd50 AgPd30Cu5">[[File:Softening of AgPd30 AgPd50 AgPd30Cu5.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of AgPd30, AgPd50, and AgPd30Cu5 after annealing of 1 hr after 80% cold working</caption>]]</figure></div><div class="clear"></div>  <figtable id="tab:Physical Properties of Silver-Palladium Alloys"> <caption>'''<!--Table 2.17:--> Physical Properties of Silver -Palladium Alloys'''</caption> {| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"|-!Material!Palladium Content<br />[wt%]!Density<br />[g/cm³]!Melting Point<br />or Range<br />[°C]!Electrical<br />Resistivity<br />[μΩ·cm]!Electrical<br />Conductivity<br />[MS/m]!Thermal<br />Conductivity<br />[W/m·K]!Temp. Coefficient of<br />the Electr. Resistance<br />[10^-3/K]|-|AgPd30|30|10.9|1155 - 1220|14.7|6.8|60|0.4|-|AgPd40|40|11.1|1225 - 1285|20.8|4.8|46|0.36|-|AgPd50|50|11.2|1290 - 1340|32.3|3.1|34|0.23|-|AgPd60|60|11.4|1330 - 1385|41.7|2.4|29|0.12|-|AgPd30Cu5|30|10.8|1120 - 1165|15.6|6.4|28|0.37|}</figtable>  <figtable id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Silver-Palladium Alloys"><caption>'''<!--Table 2.18:-->Mechanical Properties of Silver-Palladium Alloys'''</caption><table class="twocolortable"><tr><th><p class="s12">Material</p></th><th><p class="s12">Hardness</p><p class="s12">Condition</p></th><th><p class="s12">Tensile Strength</p><p class="s12">R<span class="s31">_m</span>[MPa]</p></th><th><p class="s12">Elongation A</p><p class="s12">[%]min.</p></th><th><p class="s12">Vickers Hardness</p><p class="s12">HV</p></th></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">AgPd30</p></td><td><p class="s12">R 320</p><p class="s12">R 570</p></td><td><p class="s12">320</p><p class="s12">570</p></td><td><p class="s12">38</p><p class="s12">3</p></td><td><p class="s12">65</p><p class="s12">145</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">AgPd40</p></td><td><p class="s12">R 350</p><p class="s12">R 630</p></td><td><p class="s12">350</p><p class="s12">630</p></td><td><p class="s12">38</p><p class="s12">2</p></td><td><p class="s12">72</p><p class="s12">165</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">AgPd50</p></td><td><p class="s12">R 340</p><p class="s12">R 630</p></td><td><p class="s12">340</p><p class="s12">630</p></td><td><p class="s12">35</p><p class="s12">2</p></td><td><p class="s12">78</p><p class="s12">185</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">AgPd60</p></td><td><p class="s12">R 430</p><p class="s12">R 700</p></td><td><p class="s12">430</p><p class="s12">700</p></td><td><p class="s12">30</p><p class="s12">2</p></td><td><p class="s12">85</p><p class="s12">195</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">AgPd30Cu5</p></td><td><p class="s12">R 410</p><p class="s12">R 620</p></td><td><p class="s12">410</p><p class="s12">620</p></td><td><p class="s12">40</p><p class="s12">2</p></td><td><p class="s12">90</p><p class="s12">190</p></td></tr></table></figtable>  <figtable id="tab:Contact and Switching Properties of Silver-Palladium Alloys"><caption>'''<!--Table 2.19:-->Contact and Switching Properties of Silver-Palladium Alloys''</caption>' {| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"|-!Material !colspan="2" | Properties|-|AgPd30-60|Corrosion resistant, tendency to Brown Powder formation increases with Pd content, low tendency to material transfer in DC circuits, high ductility |Resistant against Ag₂S formation, low contact resistance, increasing hardness with higher Pd content, AgPd30 has highest arc erosion resistance, easy to weld and clad|-|AgPd30Cu5 |High mechanical wear resistance|High Hardness |}</figtable>

AgPd alloys are hard, arc erosion resistant, <figtable id="tab:Application Examples and have a lower tendency towardsForms of Suppl for Silver-Palladium Alloys">material transfer under DC loads <caption>''('<!--Table 2.19)20:-->Application Examples and Forms of Suppl for Silver-Palladium Alloys'''. On the other hand the electrical</caption>conductivity is decreased at higher Pd contents. The ternary alloy AgPd30Cu5<table class="twocolortable">has an even higher hardness which makes it suitable for use in <tr><th><p class="s12">Material</p></th><th><p class="s12">Application Examples</p></th><th><p class="s12">Form of Supply</p></th></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">AgPd 30-60</p></td><td><p class="s12">Switches, relays, push-buttons,</p><p class="s12">connectors, sliding contacts</p></td><td><p class="s12">'''Semi-finished Materials:'''</p><p class="s12">Wires, micro profiles (weld tapes), clad</p><p class="s12">contact strips, seam-welded strips</p><p class="s12">'''Contact Parts:'''</p><p class="s12">Solid and composite rivets, weld buttons;</p><p class="s12">clad and welded contact parts, stamped parts</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">AgPd30Cu5</p></td><td><p class="s12">Sliding contacts, slider tracks</p></td><td><p class="s12">Wire-formed parts, contactsprings, solid</p><p class="s12">and clad stamped parts</p></td></tr></table>systems.</figtable>

====Silver-Nickel Materials====Since silver and nickel are not soluble in each other in solid form and also show very limited solubility in the liquid phase, silver nickel composite materials with higher Ni contents can only be produced by powder metallurgy. During extrusion of sintered Ag/Ni billets into wires, strips and rods, the Ni particles embedded in the Ag matrix are stretched and oriented in the microstructure into a pronounced fiber structure (<xr id="fig:Micro structure of AgNi9010"/><!--(Fig. 2.6675)--> and <xr id="fig: Phase diagram Micro structure of silverAgNi 8020"/>)<!--(Fig. 2.76)--palladium>

FigThe high density produced during hot extrusion, aids the arc erosion resistance of these materials (<xr id="tab:Physical Properties of Silver-Nickel (SINIDUR) Materials"/>)<!--(Tab 2.21)-->. The typical application of Ag/Ni contact materials is in devices for switching currents of up to 100A (<xr id="tab:Application Examples and Forms of Supply for Silver-Nickel (SINIDUR) Materials"/>)<!--(Table 2.6724)-->. In this range, they are significantly more erosion resistant than silver or silver alloys. In addition, they exhibit with nickel contents < 20 wt% a low and over their operational lifetime consistent contact resistance and good arc moving properties. In DC applications Ag/Ni materials exhibit a relatively low tendency of material transfer distributed evenly over the contact surfaces (<xr id="tab:Strain hardeningContact and Switching Properties of AgPd30 by cold workingSilver-Nickel (SINIDUR) Materials"/>)<!--(Table 2.23)-->.

Typically Ag/Ni materials are usually produced with contents of 10-40 wt% Ni. The most common used materials Ag/Ni 10 and Ag/Ni 20- and also Ag/Ni 15, mostly used in north america-, are easily formable and applied by cladding (<xr id="fig:Strain hardening of AgNi9010 by cold working"/>,<!--(Fig. 2.71)--> <xr id="fig:Softening of AgNi9010 after annealing"/>,<!--(Fig. 2.6872)--> <xr id="fig:Strain hardeningof AgNi8020"/>, <!--(Fig. 2.73)--> <xr id="fig:Softening of AgNi8020 after annealing"/>)<!--(Fig. 2.74)-->. They can be, without any additional welding aids, economically welded and brazed to the commonly used contact carrier materials.The Ag/Ni materials with nickel contents of AgPd50 by cold working30 and 40 wt% are used in switching devices, requiring a higher arc erosion resistance and where increases in contact resistance can be compensated through higher contact forces.

FigThe most important applications for Ag/Ni contact materials are typically in relays, wiring devices, appliance switches, thermostatic controls, auxiliary switches and small contactors with nominal currents > 20A (<xr id="tab:Application Examples and Forms of Supply for Silver-Nickel (SINIDUR) Materials"/>)<!--(Table 2. 224)-->.69:Strain hardeningof AgPd30Cu5by cold working

Fig. <figtable id="tab:Physical Properties of Silver-Nickel (SINIDUR) Materials"><caption>'''<!--Table 2.7021:-->Physical Properties of Silver-Nickel Materials'''</caption><table class="twocolortable"><tr><th>Material</th><th>Silver Content</th><th>Density</th><th>Melting Point</th><th>ElectricalResistivity<i>p</i></th><th colspan="2">Electrical Resistivity (soft)</th></tr><tr><th></th><th>[wt%]</th><th>[g/cm³]</th><th>[°C]</th><th>[µΩ·cm]</th>Softening of AgPd30, AgPd50,<th>[% IACS]</th><th>[MS/m]</th></tr>and AgPd30Cu5 after annealing of <tr><td><p class="s11">Ag/Ni 90/10</p><p class="s11"></p></td><td><p class="s11">89 - 91</p></td><td><p class="s11">10.2 - 10.3</p></td><td><p class="s11">960</p></td><td><p class="s11">1.82 - 1.92</p></td><td><p class="s12">90 - 95</p></td><td><p class="s12">52 - 55</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Ag/Ni 85/15</p><p class="s11"></p></td><td><p class="s11">84 - 86</p></td><td><p class="s11">10.1 - 10.2</p></td><td><p class="s11">960</p></td><td><p class="s11">1.89 - 2.0</p></td><td><p class="s12">86 - 91</p></td><td><p class="s12">50 - 53</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Ag/Ni 80/20</p><p class="s11"></p></td><td><p class="s11">79 - 81</p></td><td><p class="s11">10.0 - 10.1</p></td><td><p class="s11">960</p></td><td><p class="s11">1 hr.92 - 2.08</p></td><td><p class="s12">83 - 90</p></td><td><p class="s12">48 - 52</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Ag/Ni 70/30</p><p class="s11"></p></td><td><p class="s11">69 - 71</p></td><td><p class="s11">9.8</p></td><td><p class="s11">960</p></td><td><p class="s11">2.44</p></td><td><p class="s12">71</p></td><td><p class="s12">41</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Ag/Ni 60/40</p><p class="s11"></p></td><td><p class="s11">59 - 61</p></td><td><p class="s11">9.7</p></td><td><p class="s11">960</p></td><td><p class="s11">2.70</p></td><td><p class="s12">64</p></td><td><p class="s12">37</p></td></tr></table>after 80% cold working</figtable>

<figtable id="tab:tab2.22"><caption>'''<!-- Table 2.1822: -->Mechanical Properties of Silver-Palladium AlloysNickel Materials'''</caption>

Table {| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"|-!Material !Hardness Condition!Tensile Strength R_m [Mpa]!Elongation A (soft annealed) [%] min.!Vickers Hardness HV 10|-|Ag/Ni 90/10<br />|soft<br />R 220<br />R 280<br />R 340<br />R 400|< 250<br />220 - 280<br />280 - 340<br />340 - 400<br />> 400|25<br />20<br />3<br />2<br />1|< 50<br />50 - 70<br />65 - 90<br />85 - 105<br />> 100|-|Ag/Ni 85/15<br />|soft<br />R 300<br />R 350<br />R 380<br />R 400|< 275<br />250 - 300<br />300 - 350<br />350 - 400<br />> 400|20<br />4<br />2<br />2<br />1|< 70<br />70 - 90<br />85 - 105<br />100 - 120<br />> 115|-|Ag/Ni 80/20<br />|soft<br />R 300<br />R 350<br />R 400<br />R 450|< 300<br />300 - 350<br />350 - 400<br />400 - 450<br />> 450|20<br />4<br />2.19: Contact and Switching Properties of Silver<br />2<br />1|< 80<br />80 - 95<br />90 - 110<br />100 - 125<br />> 120|-|Ag/Ni 70/30<br />|R 330<br />R 420<br />R 470<br />R 530|330 - 420<br />420 - 470<br />470 - 530<br />> 530|8<br />2<br />1<br />1|80<br />100<br />115<br />135|-|Ag/Ni 60/40<br />|R 370<br />R 440<br />R 500<br />R 580|370 - 440<br />440 - 500<br />500 -Palladium Alloys580<br />> 580|6<br />2<br />1<br />1|90<br />110<br />130<br />150|}</figtable>

<div class="multiple-images"><figure id=Silver Composite Materials=="fig:Strain hardening of AgNi9010 by cold working">[[File:Strain hardening of AgNi9010 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of Ag/Ni 90/10 by cold working</caption>]]</figure>

<figure id===Silver-Nickel (SINIDUR) Materials==="fig:Softening of AgNi9010 after annealing">Since silver and nickel are not soluble in each other in solid form and in the liquidphase have only very limited solubility silver nickel composite materials withhigher Ni contents can only be produced by powder metallurgy[[File:Softening of AgNi9010 after annealing. During extrusionjpg|right|thumb|<caption>Softening of sintered Ag/Ni billets into wires, strips and rods the Ni particles embedded in90/10 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working</caption>]]the Ag matrix are stretched and oriented in the microstructure into a pronouncedfiber structure ''(Figs. 2.75. and 2.76)''</figure>

The high density produced during hot extrusion aids the arc erosion resistance<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of AgNi8020">[[File:Strain hardening of these materials ''(Tables 2AgNi8020.21 and 2.22)''. The typical application jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of Ag/Ni80/20 by cold working</caption>]]contact materials is in devices for switching currents of up to 100A ''(Table 2.24)''.In this range they are significantly more erosion resistant than silver or silveralloys. In addition they exhibit with nickel contents <20 wt% a low and over theiroperational lifetime consistent contact resistance and good arc movingproperties. In DC applications Ag/Ni materials exhibit a relatively low tendencyof material transfer distributed evenly over the contact surfaces ''(Table 2.23)''.figure>

Typically <figure id="fig:Softening of AgNi8020 after annealing">[[File:Softening of AgNi8020 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Softening of Ag/Ni (SINIDUR) materials are usually produced with contents of 10-40wt% Ni. The most widely used materials SINIDUR 10 and SINIDUR 80/20- and alsoSINIDUR 15, mostly used in north america-, are easily formable and applied bycladding ''(Figs. 2.71-2.74)''. They can be, without any additional welding aids,economically welded and brazed to the commonly used contact carriermaterials.The (SINIDUR) materials with nickel contents of 30 and 40 wtafter annealing for 1 hr after 80% are used incold working</caption>]]switching devices requiring a higher arc erosion resistance and where increasesin contact resistance can be compensated through higher contact forces.</figure>

The most important applications for <figure id="fig:Micro structure of AgNi9010">[[File:Micro structure of AgNi9010.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Micro structure of Ag/Ni contact materials are typically in90/10 a) perpendicular to the extrusion direction b) parallel to the extrusion direction</caption>]]relays, wiring devices, appliance switches, thermostatic controls, auxiliaryswitches, and small contactors with nominal currents </figure>20A ''(Table 2.24)''.

Table 2<figure id="fig:Micro structure of AgNi 8020">[[File:Micro structure of AgNi 8020.21: Physical Properties jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Micro structure of Silver-Nickel (SINIDURAg/Ni 80/20 a) perpendicular to the extrusion direction b) Materialsparallel to the extrusion direction</caption>]]</figure></div><div class="clear"></div>

Fig. <figtable id="tab:Contact and Switching Properties of Silver-Nickel (SINIDUR) Materials"><caption>'''<!-- Table 2.7123:Strain hardening-->Contact and Switching Properties of Ag/Ni 90Silver-Nickel Materials'''</10 by cold workingcaption>

Fig. 2.72{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align:left; font-size: 12px"|-!Material !Properties|-|Ag/Ni <br />Softening of |High arc erosion resistance at switching currents up to 100A,<br />Resistance against welding for starting current up to 100A,<br />low and over the electrical contact life nearly constant contact resistance for Ag/Ni 90/10and Ag/Ni 80/20,<br />ow and spread-out material transfer under DC load,<br />non-conductive erosion residue on isolating components resulting in only minor change of the dielectric strength of switching devices,<br />good arc moving properties,<br />good arc extinguishing properties,<br />good or sufficient ductility depending on the Ni content,<br />easy to weld and brazeafter annealing|}for 1 hr after 80% cold working</figtable>

Fig. <figtable id="tab:Application Examples and Forms of Supply for Silver-Nickel (SINIDUR) Materials"><caption>'''<!--Table 2.7424:Softening -->Application Examples and Forms of AgSupply for Silver-Nickel Materials'''</Ni 80/20after annealingfor 1 hr after 80% cold workingcaption>

Fig. 2.75{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: Micro structure 12px"|-!Material!Application Examples!Switching or Nominal Current!Form of Supply|-|Ag/Ni 90/10-80/20|Relays<br /> Automotive Relays - Resistive load - Motor load|> 10A<br />> 10A|rowspan="9" | '''Semi-finisched Materials:'''<br />Wires, profiles,<br />clad strips,<br />Seam-welded strips,<br />Toplay strips <br />'''Contact Parts:'''<br />Contact tips, solid<br />and composite<br />rivets, Weld buttons,<br />clad, welded,<br />brazed, and riveted<br />contact parts|-|Ag/Ni 90/10, Ag/Ni 85/15-80/20|Auxiliary current switches|&le; 100A|-|Ag/Ni 90/10-80/20|Appliance switches|&le; 50A|-|Ag/Ni 90/10|Wiring devices|&le; 20A|-|Ag/Ni 90/10|Main switches, Automatic staircase illumination switches|&le; 100A|-|Ag/Ni 90/10-80/20|Control<br />Thermostats|> 10A<br />&le; 50A|-|Ag/Ni 90/10-80/20|Load switches|&le; 20A|-|Ag/Ni 90/10-80/20|Contactors circuit breakers|&le; 100A|-|Ag/Ni 90/10 a) perpendicular to the extrusion direction-80/20<br />paired with Ag/C 97/3-96/4|Motor protective circuit breakers|&le; 40A|-|Ag/Ni 80/20-60/40<br />paired with Ag/C 96/4-95/5|Fault current circuit breakers|&le; 100A|rowspan="2" | Rods, Profiles,<br />Contact tips, Formed parts,<br />brazed and welded<br />contact parts|-|Ag/Ni 80/20-60/40<br />paired with Ag/C 96/4-95/5b) parallel to the extrusion direction|Power switches|> 100A|}</figtable>

Fig==== Silver-Metal Oxide Materials Ag/CdO, Ag/SnO₂, Ag/ZnO====The family of silver-metal oxide contact materials includes the material groups: silver-cadmium oxide, silver-tin oxide, and silverzinc oxide. 2Because of their very good contact and switching properties like high resistance against welding, low contact resistance, and high arc erosion resistance, silver-metal oxides have gained an outstanding position in a broad field of applications.76They are mainly used in low voltage electrical switching devices like relays, installation and distribution switches, appliances, industrial controls, motor controls, and protective devices (<xr id="tab: Micro structure Application Examples of AgSilver–Metal Oxide Materials"/Ni 80/20 a>) perpendicular to the extrusion directionb<!--(Table 2.31) parallel t o the extrusion direction-->.

Table 2.23: Contact and Switching Properties of *'''Silver-Nickel (SINIDUR) Materialscadmium oxide materials'''

Table 2.24: Application Examples and Forms of Supplyfor Silver-Nickel (SINIDUR) Materialscadmium oxide materials with 10-15 wt% are produced by both, internal oxidation and powder metallurgical methods.

=== Silver-Metal Oxide Materials Ag/CdO, Ag/SnO₂, Ag/ZnO===The family manufacturing of strips and wires by internal oxidation starts with a molten alloy of silver-metal oxide contact materials includes the material groups:silver-and cadmium oxide (DODURIT CdO), silver-tin oxide (SISTADOX), and silverzincoxide (DODURIT ZnO). Because During a heat treatment below it's melting point in an oxygen rich atmosphere of their very good contact and switchingproperties like high resistance against welding, low contact resistancesuch a homogeneous alloy, the oxygen diffuses from the surface into the bulk of the material and higharc erosion resistance, silver-metal oxides have gained an outstanding positionoxidizes the Cd to CdO in a broad field of applicationsmore or less fine particle precipitation inside the Ag matrix. They mainly The CdO particles are used rather fine in low voltage electricalswitching devices like relays, installation the surface area and distribution switches, appliances,industrial controls, motor controls, and protective devices ''getting larger towards the center of the material (<xr id="fig:Micro structure of AgCdO9010"/>)<!--(Table Fig. 2.1383)''-->.

*SilverDuring the manufacturing of Ag/CdO contact material by internal oxidation, the processes vary depending on the type of semi-finished material. For Ag/CdO wires, a complete oxidation of the AgCd wire is performed, followed by wire-drawing to the required diameter (<xr id="fig:Strain hardening of internally oxidized AgCdO9010"/><!--(Figs. 2.77)--> and <xr id="fig:Softening of internally oxidized AgCdO9010"/>)<!--(Fig. 2.78)-cadmium oxide ->. The resulting material is used for example, in the production of contact rivets. For Ag/CdO strip materials two processes are commonly used: Cladding of an AgCd alloy strip with fine silver, followed by complete oxidation, results in a strip material with a small depletion area in the center of it's thickness and an Ag backing suitable for easy attachment by brazing (DODURIT sometimes called "Conventional Ag/CdO") . Using a technology that allows the partial oxidation of a dual-strip AgCd alloy material in a higher pressure pure oxygen atmosphere, yields a composite Ag/CdO strip material that has - besides a relatively fine CdO precipitation - also an easily brazable AgCd alloy backing. These materialsare mainly used as the basis for contact profiles and contact tips.

Silver-cadmium oxide (DODURIT CdO) materials with 10-15 wt% During powder metallurgical production, the powder mixed made by different processes are producedtypically converted by bothpressing, sintering and extrusion to wires and strips. The high degree of deformation during hot extrusion, internal oxidation produces a uniform and powder metallurgical methods ''fine dispersion of CdO particles in the Ag matrix while at the same time achieving a high density which is advantageous for good contact properties (<xr id="fig:Micro structure of AgCdO9010P"/>)<!--(Table Fig. 2.2584)''-->. To obtain a backing suitable for brazing, a fine silver layer is applied by either com-pound extrusion or hot cladding prior to or right after the extrusion.

The manufacturing of strips For larger contact tips, and wires by internal oxidation starts especially those with a moltenalloy of silver and cadmiumrounded shape, the single tip Press-Sinter-Repress process (PSR) offers economical advantages. During The powder mix is pressed into a heat treatment below it's melting point in aoxygen rich atmosphere in such a homogeneous alloy die close to the oxygen diffuses fromfinal desired shape, the surface into the bulk of the material "green" tips are sintered, and oxidizes the Cd to CdO in a more orless fine particle precipitation inside most cases, the Ag matrix. The CdO particles are ratherfine in repress process forms the surface area and are becoming larger further away towards exact final shape while at the centerof same time, increasing the material ''(Fig. 2.83)''contact density and hardness.

During the manufacturing of Ag/CdO contact material by internal oxidation theprocesses vary depending on the type of semi-finished material.For Ag/CdO wires a complete oxidation of the AgCd wire is performed, followedby wire-drawing to the required diameter ''(Figs. 2.77 Using different silver powders and 2.78)''. The resultingmaterial is used minor additives for example in the production of contact rivets. For basic Ag/CdO stripmaterials two processes are commonly used: Cladding of an AgCd alloy stripwith fine silver followed by complete oxidation results in a strip material with asmall depletion area in the center of it's thickness and a Ag backing suitable foreasy attachment by brazing (sometimes called “Conventional Ag/CdO”). Usinga technology that allows the partial oxidation of a dual-strip AgCd alloy materialin a higher pressure pure oxygen atmosphere yields a composite Ag/CdO stripmaterial that has besides a relatively fine CdO precipitation also a easily brazableAgCd alloy backing ''(Fig. 2.85)''. These , starting materials (DODURIT CdO ZH) are mainlyused as the basis can help influence certain contact properties for contact profiles and contact tipsspecialized applications.

During powder metallurgical production the powder mixed made by different<div class="multiple-images">processes are typically converted by pressing, sintering and extrusion to wires<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of internally oxidized AgCdO9010">and strips[[File:Strain hardening of internally oxidized AgCdO9010. The high degree of deformation during hot extrusion produces auniform and fine dispersion jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of internally oxidized Ag/CdO particles in the Ag matrix while at the sametime achieving a high density which is advantageous for good contact properties''(Fig. 2.84)''. To obtain a backing suitable for brazing, a fine silver layer is applied90/10 by either com-pound extrusion or hot cladding prior to or right after the extrusioncold working</caption>]]''(Fig. 2.86)''.</figure>

For larger contact tips, and especially those with a rounded shape, the single tip<figure id="fig:Softening of internally oxidized AgCdO9010">Press-Sinter-Repress process [[File:Softening of internally oxidized AgCdO9010.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of internally oxidized (PSRi.o.) offers economical advantages. TheAg/CdO 90/10 after annealing for 1 hr after 40% cold working</caption>]]powder mix is pressed in a die close to the final desired shape, the “green” tipsare sintered, and in most cases the repress process forms the final exact shapewhile at the same time increasing the contact density and hardness.</figure>

Using different silver powders and minor additives for the basic <figure id="fig:Strain hardening of AgCdO9010P">[[File:Strain hardening of AgCdO9010P.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of powder metallurgical (p.m.) Ag and /CdO90/10 by cold working</caption>]]starting materials can help influence certain contact properties for specializedapplications.</figure>

Fig. 2.77<figure id="fig:Softening of AgCdO9010P after annealing">Strain hardening [[File:Softening of AgCdO9010P after annealing.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of internally oxidizedpowder metallurgical Ag/CdO 90/10 by after annealing for 1 hr after 40% cold working</caption>]]</figure>

Fig. 2.78<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of AgCdO8812">Softening [[File:Strain hardening of internally oxidizedAgCdO8812.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of powder metallurgical Ag/CdO 9088/12</10 after annealingcaption>]]for 1 hr after 40% cold working</figure>

Table 2.25<figure id="fig: Physical and Mechanical Properties as well as Manufacturing Processes andSoftening of AgCdO8812WP after annealing">Forms [[File:Softening of Supply AgCdO8812WP after annealing.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of Extruded Silver Cadmium Oxide powder metallurgical Ag/CdO 88/12 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working</caption>]](DODURIT CdO) Contact Materials</figure>

Fig. 2.79<figure id="fig:Micro structure of AgCdO9010">Strain hardening [[File:Micro structure of AgCdO9010.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure ofAg/CdO 90/10 P by cold workingi.o. a) close to surface b) in center area</caption>]]</figure>

Fig. 2.80<figure id="fig: SofteningMicro structure of AgCdO9010P">[[File:Micro structure of AgCdO9010P.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure of Ag/CdO 90/10 P after annealingp.m.: a) perpendicular to extrusion direction b) parallel to extrusion direction</caption>]]for 1 hr after 40% cold working</figure>

Fig. 2.81:</div>Strain hardeningof Ag/CdO 88<div class="clear"></12 WPdiv>

Fig*'''Silver–tin oxide materials'''Over the past years, many Ag/CdO contact materials have been replaced by Ag/SnO₂ based materials with 2-14 wt% SnO₂ because of the toxicity of Cadmium. This changeover was further favored by the fact that Ag/SnO_2.83 contacts quite often show improved contact and switching properties such as lower arc erosion, higher weld resistance and a significant lower tendency towards material transfer in DC switching circuits (<xr id="tab: Micro structure Contact and Switching Properties of Silver–Metal Oxide Materials"/>)<!--(Table 2.30)-->. Ag/CdO 90SnO₂ materials have been optimized for a broad range of applications by other metal oxide additives and modification in the manufacturing processes that result in different metallurgical, physical and electrical properties (<xr id="tab:tab2.28"/10 i><!--(Tab. 2.o28)--> and <xr id="tab:tab2. a29"/>) close to surfaceb<!--(Table 2.29) in center area-->.

FigManufacturing of Ag/SnO₂ by ''internal oxidation'' is possible in principle, but during heat treatment of alloys containing > 5 wt% of tin in oxygen, dense oxide layers formed on the surface of the material prohibit the further diffusion of oxygen into the bulk of the material. 2By adding Indium or Bismuth to the alloy, the internal oxidation is possible and results in materials that typically are rather hard and brittle and may show somewhat elevated contact resistance and is limited to applications in relays.84Adding a brazable fine silver layer to such materials results in a semifinished material, suitable for the manufacture as smaller weld profiles (<xr id="fig: Micro structure of AgSnO2 92 8 WTOS F"/CdO 90>)<!--(Fig. 2.116)-->. Because of their resistance to material transfer and low arc erosion, these materials find for example a broader application in automotive relays (<xr id="tab:Application Examples of Silver–Metal Oxide Materials"/10 P:a>) perpendicular to extrusion directionb<!--(Table 2.31) parallel to extrusion direction-->.

Fig''Powder metallurgy'' plays a significant role in the manufacturing of Ag/SnO₂ contact materials. Besides SnO₂ a smaller amount (<1 wt%) of one or more other metal oxides such as WO₃, MoO₃, CuO and/or Bi₂O₃ are added.85:TheseMicro structure additives improve the wettability of the oxide particles and increase the viscosity of the Agmelt. They also provide additional benefits to the mechanical and arcing contact properties of materials in this group (<xr id="tab:tab2.26"/CdO 90/10 ZH:1>) Ag/CdO layer<!--(Table 2.26) AgCd backing layer-->.

Fig<figtable id="tab:tab2. 26"><caption>'''<!--Table 2.8626: Micro structure --> Physical and Mechanical Properties as well as Manufacturing Processes and Forms of AgCdO 88Supply of Extruded Silver-Tin Oxide Contact Materials'''</12 WP: a) perpendicular to extrusion directionb) parallel to extrusion directioncaption>

*Silver–tin oxide{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"|-!Material !Silver Content<br />[wt%]!Additives!Theoretical<br />Density<br />[g/cm³]!Electrical<br />Conductivity<br />[MS/m]!Vickers<br />Hardness<br />[HV0,1]!Tensile<br />Strength<br />[MPa]!Elongation (SISTADOXsoft annealed)materials<br />A[%]min.!Manufacturing<br />Process!Form of Supply|-|Ag/SnO₂ 98/2 SPW|97 - 99|WO₃|10,4|59 ± 2|57 ± 15|215|35|Powder Metallurgy|1|-|Ag/SnO₂ 92/8 SPW|91 - 93|WO₃|10,1|51 ± 2|62 ± 15|255|25|Powder Metallurgy|1|-|Ag/SnO₂ 90/10 SPW|89 - 91|WO₃|10|47 ± 5||250|25|Powder Metallurgy|1|-|Ag/SnO₂ 88/12 SPW|87 - 89|WO₃|9.9|46 ± 5|67 ± 15|270|20|Powder Metallurgy|1|-|Ag/SnO₂ 92/8 SPW4|91 - 93|WO₃|10,1|51 ± 2|62 ± 15|255|25|Powder Metallurgy|1,2|-|Ag/SnO₂ 90/10 SPW4|89 - 91|WO₃|10|||||Powder Metallurgy|1,2|-|Ag/SnO₂ 88/12 SPW4<br />|87 - 89|WO₃|9,8|46 ± 5|80 ± 10|Over the past years||Powder Metallurgy|1, many 2|-|Ag/CdO contact materials have been replaced bySnO₂ 88/12 SPW6|87 - 89|MoO₃|9.8|42 ± 5|70 ± 10|||Powder Metallurgy|2|-|Ag/SnO₂ based materials with 97/3 SPW7|96 - 98|Bi₂O₃ and WO₃||||||Powder Metallurgy|2|-|Ag/SnO₂ 90/10 SPW7|89 -14 wt% 91|Bi₂O₃ and WO₃|9,9|||||Powder Metallurgy|2|-|Ag/SnO₂ because of the toxicity of88/12 SPW7|87 - 89|Bi₂O₃ and WO₃Cadmium|9. This changeover was further favored by the fact that 8|42 ± 5|70 ± 10|||Powder Metallurgy|2|-|Ag/SnO₂ 98/2 PMT1|97 - 99|Bi₂O₃ and CuO|10,4|57 ± 2||215|35|Powder Metallurgy|1,2|-|Ag/SnO₂ 96/4 PMT1|95 - 97|Bi₂O₃ and CuO||||||Powder Metallurgy|1,2|-|Ag/SnO₂94/6 PMT1|93 - 95contacts quite often show improved contact |Bi₂O₃ and switching properties such asCuO||||lower arc erosion||Powder Metallurgy|1, higher weld resistance2|-|Ag/SnO₂ 92/8 PMT1|91 - 93|Bi₂O₃ and CuO|10|50 ± 2|62 ± 15|240|25|Powder Metallurgy|1, 2|-|Ag/SnO₂ 90/10 PMT1|89 - 91|Bi₂O₃ and a significant lower tendencyCuO|10|48 ± 2|65 ± 15|240|25|Powder Metallurgy|1,2|-|Ag/SnO₂ 88/12 PMT1|87 - 89|Bi₂O₃ and CuO|9,9|46 ± 5||260|20|Powder Metallurgy|1,2|-|Ag/SnO₂ 90/10 PE|89 - 91|Bi₂O₃ and CuO|9,8|48 ± 2|55 - 100|230 - 330|28|Powder Metallurgy|1|-|Ag/SnO₂ 88/12 PE|87 - 89|Bi₂O₃ and CuO|9,7|46 ± 5|60 - 106|235 - 330|25|Powder Metallurgy|1|-|Ag/SnO₂ 88/12 PMT2|87 - 89|CuO|9,9||90 ± 10|||Powder Metallurgytowards material transfer in DC switching circuits ''(Table |1,2.30)''. |-|Ag/SnO₂86/14 PMT3materials have been optimized for a broad range of applications by other metal|85 - 87oxide additives |Bi₂O₃ and modification in the manufacturing processes that result inCuOdifferent metallurgical|9, physical 8||95 ± 10|||Powder Metallurgy|2|-|Ag/SnO₂ 94/6 LC1|93 - 95|Bi₂O₃ and electrical properties ''(Table In₂O₃|9,8|45 ± 5|55 ± 10|||Powder Metallurgy|2|-|Ag/SnO₂ 90/10 POX1|89 - 91|In₂O₃|9,9|50 ± 5|85 ± 15|310|25|Internal Oxidation|1,2|-|Ag/SnO₂ 90/10 POX1|87 - 89|In₂O₃|9,8|48 ± 5|90 ± 15|325|25|Internal Oxidation|1,2|-|Ag/SnO₂ 90/10 POX1|85 - 87 |In₂O₃|9,6|45 ± 5|95 ± 15|330|20|Internal Oxidation|1,2.29)''.|-|}</figtable>

Manufacturing of Ag/SnO_{1 = Wires, Rods, Contact rivets, 2} by ''internal oxidation'' is possible in principle= Strips, butduring heat treatment of alloys containing > 5 wt% of tin in oxygenProfiles, dense oxidelayers formed on the surface of the material prohibit the further diffusion ofoxygen into the bulk of the material. By adding Indium or Bismuth to the alloy theinternal oxidation is possible and results in materials that typically are rather hardand brittle and may show somewhat elevated contact resistance and is limitedto applications in relays. To make a ductile material with fine oxide dispersion(SISTADOX TOS F) ''(Fig. 2.114)'' it is necessary to use special process variationsin oxidation and extrusion which lead to materials with improved properties inrelays. Adding a brazable fine silver layer to such materials results in a semifinishedmaterial suitable for the manufacture as smaller weld profiles(SISTADOX WTOS F) ''(Fig. 2.116)''. Because of their resistance to materialtransfer and low arc erosion these materials find for example a broaderapplication in automotive relays ''(Table 2.31)''.Contact tips

In the manufacture for the initial powder mixes , different processes are appliedwhich provide specific advantages of the resulting materials in respect to theircontact properties ''<!--[[#figures|(Figs. 2.87 43 – 2.11975)'']]-->. Some of them are described here asfollows::'''a) Powder blending from single component powders''' <br> In this common process all components , including additives that are part of the powder mix , are blended as single powders. The blending is usually performed in the dry stage in blenders of different design.

:'''b) Powder blending on the basis of doped powders''' <br> For incorporation of additive oxides in the SnO₂ powder , the reactive spray process (RSV) has shown advantages. This process starts with a waterbased solution of the tin and other metal compounds. This solution is nebulized under high pressure and temperature in a reactor chamber. Through the rapid evaporation of the water , each small droplet is converted into a salt crystal and from there gets transformed by oxidation into a tin oxide particle in which the additive metals are distributed evenly as oxides. The so created doped AgSnO2 AgSnO₂ powder is then mechanically mixed with silver powder.

:'''c) Powder blending based on coated oxide powders''' <br> In this process , tin oxide powder is blended with lower meting melting additive oxides such as for example Ag₂ MoO₄ and then heat treated. The SnO₂ particles are coated in this step with a thin layer of the additive oxide.

:'''e) Powder blending based on chemically precipitated compound powders''' <br> A silver salt solution is added to a suspension of for example SnO₂ together with a precipitation agent. In a chemical reaction , silver and silver oxide respectively are precipitated around the additive metal oxide particles , who act as crystallization sites. Further chemical treatment then reduces the silver oxide with the resulting precipitated powder , being a mix of Ag and SnO₂.

Further processing of these differently produced powders follows theconventional processes of pressing, sintering and hot extrusion to wires andstrips. From these contact parts such as , contact rivets and tips aremanufactured. To obtain a brazable backing , the same processes as used forAg/CdO are applied. As for Ag/CdO, larger contact tips can also bemanufactured more economically using the press-sinter-repress (PSR) process''(<xr id="tab:Physical Properties of Powder Metallurgical Silver-Metal Oxide Materials with Fine Silver Backing Produced by the Press-Sinter-Repress Process"/>)<!--(Table 2.27)-->.''<div id="figures">

Fig. 2.87<div class="multiple-images"><figure id="fig:Strain hardening of AgSNO2 92 8 PE">[[File:Strain hardening of AgSNO2 92 8 PE.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening ofAg/SnO₂ 92/8 PE by cold working</caption>]]</figure>

Fig. 2.88<figure id="fig:Softening of AgSnO2 92 8 PE"> [[File:Softening of AgSnO2 92 8 PE.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening ofAg/SnO₂ 92/8 PE after annealingfor 1 hr after 40% cold working</caption>]]</figure>

Table 2.26<figure id="fig: Physical and Mechanical Properties as well as Manufacturing Processes andStrain hardening of Ag SnO2 88 12 PE"> Forms [[File:Strain hardening of Supply Ag SnO2 88 12 PE.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of Extruded Silver-Tin Oxide (SISTADOX) Contact MaterialsAg/SnO₂ 88/12 PE by cold working</caption>]]</figure>

Fig. 2.89<figure id="fig:Softening of Ag SnO2 88 12 PE after annealing"> Strain hardening [[File:Softening of Ag SnO2 88 12 PE after annealing.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening ofAg/SnO₂ 88/12 PE by after annealing for 1 hr after 40% cold working</caption>]]</figure>

Fig. 2.90<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of oxidized AgSnO2 88 12 PW4"> Softening [[File:Strain hardening of oxidized AgSnO2 88 12 PW4.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of oxidized Ag/SnO₂ 88/12 PEafter annealing for1 hr after 40% PW4 by cold working</caption>]]</figure>

Fig. 2.91<figure id="fig:Softening of Ag SnO2 88 12 PW4 after annealing"> Strain hardening [[File:Softening of Ag SnO2 88 12 PW4 after annealing.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of oxidizedAg/SnO₂ 88/12 PW4 by after annealing for 1 hr after 30% cold working</caption>]]</figure>

Fig. 2.92<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of internally oxidized Ag SnO2 88 12 TOS F"> Softening [[File:Strain hardening of internally oxidized Ag SnO2 88 12 TOS F.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of internally oxidized Ag/SnO₂ 88/12 PW4 afterannealing for 1 hrafter 30% TOS F by cold working</caption>]]</figure>

Fig. 2.93<figure id="fig:Softening of Ag SnO2 88 12 TOS F after annealing"> Strain hardening [[File:Softening of Ag SnO2 88 12 TOS F after annealing.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening ofAg/SnO₂ 9888/2 PXby 12 TOS F after annealing for 1 hr after 30% cold working</caption>]]</figure>

Fig. 2.94<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of internally oxidized Ag SnO2 88 12P"> Softening [[File:Strain hardening of internally oxidized Ag SnO2 88 12P.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening ofinternally oxidized Ag/SnO₂ 9888/2 PXafter annealingfor 1 hr after 80%12P by cold working</caption>]]</figure>

Fig 2.95<figure id="fig:Softening of Ag SnO2 88 12P after annealing"> Strain hardening[[File:Softening of Ag SnO2 88 12P after annealing.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of Ag/SnO₂ 9288/8 PXby 12 SP after annealing for 1 hr after 40% cold working</caption>]]</figure>

Fig. 2.96<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of Ag SnO2 88 12 WPD"> Softening [[File:Strain hardening of Ag SnO2 88 12 WPD.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening ofAg/SnO₂ 9288/8 PXafter annealing for 1 hrafter 40% 12 WPD by cold working</caption>]]</figure>

Fig. 2.97<figure id="fig:Softening of Ag SnO2 88 12 WPD after annealing"> Strain hardening [[File:Softening of Ag SnO2 88 12 WPD after annealing.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of internallyoxidizedAg/SnO₂ 88/12 TOS Fby WPD after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working</caption>]]</figure>

Fig. 2.98<figure id="fig:Micro structure of Ag SnO2 92 8 PE"> Softening [[File:Micro structure of Ag SnO2 92 8 PE.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure ofAg/SnO₂ 8892/12 TOS F after8 PE: a) perpendicular to extrusion direction b) parallel to extrusion direction</caption>]]annealing for 1 hr after 30%cold working</figure>

Fig. 2.99<figure id="fig:Micro structure of Ag SnO2 88 12 PE"> Strain hardening [[File:Micro structure of Ag SnO2 88 12 PE.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure ofinternally oxidizedAg/SnO₂ 88/12P12 PE: a) perpendicular to extrusion direction b) parallel to extrusion direction</caption>]]by cold working</figure>

Fig. 2.100<figure id="fig:Micro structure of Ag SnO2 88 12 PW"> Softening [[File:Micro structure of Ag SnO2 88 12 PW.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure ofAg/SnO₂ 88/12P12 SPW: a) perpendicular to extrusion direction b) parallel to extrusion direction</caption>]]after annealing for 1 hr after40% cold working</figure>

Fig. 2.101<figure id="fig:Micro structure of Ag SnO2 88 12 TOS F"> Strain hardening [[File:Micro structure of Ag SnO2 88 12 TOS F.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure ofAg/SnO₂ 88/12 WPCTOS F: a) perpendicular to extrusion direction b) parallel to extrusion direction</caption>]]by cold working</figure>

Fig. 2.102<figure id="fig:Micro structure of Ag SnO2 92 8 WTOS F"> Softening [[File:Micro structure of Ag SnO2 92 8 WTOS F.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure of Ag/SnO₂ 8892/12 WPC after annealing8 WTOS F: a) perpendicular to extrusion direction b) parallel to extrusion direction,1) AgSnO2 contact layer, 2) Ag backing layer</caption>]]for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working</figure>

Fig. 2.103<figure id="fig:Micro structure of Ag SnO2 88 12 WPD"> Strain hardening [[File:Micro structure of Ag SnO2 88 12 WPD.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure ofAg/SnO₂ 8688/14 WPC12 WPD: parallel to extrusion direction 1) AgSnO2 contact layer, 2) Ag backing layer</caption>]]by cold working</figure>

Fig. 2.104:Softening of Ag/SnO<subdiv class="clear">2</subdiv> 86/14 WPC after annealingfor 1 hr after different degrees of cold working

Fig<figtable id="tab:Physical Properties of Powder Metallurgical Silver-Metal Oxide Materials with Fine Silver Backing Produced by the Press-Sinter-Repress Process"><caption>'''<!--Table 2. 27:-->Physical Properties of Powder Metallurgical Silver-Metal Oxide Materials with Fine Silver Backing Produced by the Press-Sinter-Repress Process'''</caption><table class="twocolortable"><tr><th rowspan="2"><p class="s11">Material</p><p class="s11"></p></th><th rowspan="2"><p class="s11">Additives</p></th><th rowspan="2"><p class="s11">Density</p><p class="s11">[ g/cm³]</p></th><th rowspan="2"><p class="s11">Electrical</p><p class="s11">Resistivity</p><p class="s11">[µ<span class="s14">S ·</span>cm]</p></th><th colspan="2"><p class="s11">Electrical</p><p class="s11">Conductivity</p></th><th rowspan="2"><p class="s11">Vickers</p><p class="s11">Hardness</p><p class="s11">HV 10.106:</p></th></tr><tr><th><p class="s11">[%IACS]</p></th><th><p>[MS/m]</p></th></tr>Softening of Ag<tr><td><p class="s11">AgCdO 90/10</p><p class="s11"></p></td><td/><td><p class="s11">10.1</p></td><td><p class="s11">2.08</p></td><td><p class="s12">83</p></td><td><p class="s12">48</p></td><td><p class="s11">60</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">AgCdO 85/15 </p></td><td/><td><p class="s11">9.9</p></td><td><p class="s11">2.27</p></td><td><p class="s12">76</p></td><td><p class="s12">44</p></td><td><p class="s11">65</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">AgSnO₂ 90/10</p></td><td><p class="s11">CuO and</p><p class="s11">Bi₂ O₃</p></td><td><p class="s11">9.8</p></td><td><p class="s11">2.22</p></td><td><p class="s12">78</p></td><td><p class="s12">45</p></td><td><p class="s11">55</p></td></SnOtr><tr><td><p class="s11">AgSnO₂ 88/12 WPD after</p></td><td><p class="s11">CuO and</p><p class="s11">Bi₂ O₃</p></td><td><p class="s11">9.6</p></td><td><p class="s11">2.63</p></td><td><p class="s12">66</p></td><td><p class="s12">38</p></td><td><p class="s11">60</p></td></tr></table>annealing for 1 hr after different degreesForm of Support: formed parts, stamped parts, contact tipsof cold working</figtable>

Fig*'''Silver–zinc oxide materials'''Silver zinc oxide contact materials with mostly 6 - 10 wt% oxide content, including other small metal oxides, are produced exclusively by powder metallurgy [[#figures1|(Figs. 58 – 63)]]<!--(Table 2.108:Softening of 28)-->. Adding WO₃ or Ag₂WO₄ in the process - as described in the preceding chapter on Ag/SnO₂ 88- has proven most effective for applications in AC relays, wiring devices, and appliance controls. Just like with the other Ag metal oxide materials, semi-finished materials in strip and wire form are used to manufacture contact tips and rivets. Because of their high resistance against welding and arc erosion Ag/12 WPX afterannealing for 1 hr after different degreesZnO materials present an economic alternative to Cd free Ag-tin oxide contact materials (<xr id="tab:Contact and Switching Properties of Silver–Metal Oxide Materials"/><!--(Tab. 2.30)--> and <xr id="tab:Application Examples of cold workingSilver–Metal Oxide Materials"/>)<!--(Tab. 2.31)-->.

Fig<figtable id="tab:tab2. 28"><caption>'''<!--Table 2.10928: Micro structure --> Physical and Mechanical Properties as well as Manufacturing Processes and Forms of Supply of Ag/SnO<sub>2Extruded Silver-Zinc Oxide Contact'''</subcaption> 92/8 PE: a) perpendicular to extrusion directionb) parallel to extrusion direction

Fig{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"|-!Material !Silver Content<br />[wt%]!Additives!Density<br />[g/cm³]!Electrical<br />Resistivity<br />[μΩ·cm]!colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|Electrical<br />Conductivity<br />[% IACS] [MS/m]!Vickers<br />Hardness<br />Hv1!Tensile<br />Strength<br />[MPa]!Elongation<br />(soft annealed)<br />A[%]min.!Manufacturing<br />Process!Form of<br />Supply|-|Ag/ZnO 92/8P<br />|91 - 93||9.8|2.22|78|45|60 - 95|220 - 350|25|Powder Metallurgy<br />a) indiv. powders|1|-|Ag/ZnO 92/8PW25<br />|91 - 93|Ag₂WO₄|9. 6|2.110: Micro structure of 08|83|48|65 - 105|230 - 340|25|Powder Metallurgy<br />c) coated|1|-|Ag/SnOZnO 90/10PW25<br />|89 - 91|Ag₂ 88WO₄|9.6|2.17|79|46|65 - 100|230 - 350|20|Powder Metallurgy<br />c) coated|1|-|Ag/ZnO 92/8WP<br />|91 - 93||9.8|2.0|86|50|60 - 95|||Powder Metallurgy<br /12 PE: >with Ag backing a) perpendicular to extrusion directionindivid.|2|-|Ag/ZnO 92/8WPW25<br />|91 - 93|Ag₂WO₄|9.6|2.08|83|48|65 - 105|||Powder Metallurgy<br />c) coated|2|-|Ag/ZnO 90/10WPW25<br />|89 - 91|Ag₂WO₄|9.6|2.7b|79|46|65 - 110|||Powder Metallurgy<br />c) parallel to extrusion directioncoated|2|}</figtable>

Fig. 1 = Wires, Rods, Contact rivets, 2.111: Micro structure of Ag/SnO₂ 88/12 PW: a) perpendicular to extrusion directionb) parallel to extrusion direction= Strips, Profiles, Contact tips

Fig. 2.113<div class="multiple-images"><figure id="fig:Strain hardening of Ag ZnO 92 8 PW25"> [[File: Micro structure Strain hardening of Ag/SnOZnO 92 8 PW25.jpg|left|thumb|<subcaption>2<Strain hardening of Ag/sub> ZnO 92/8 PX: a) perpendicular to extrusion directionPW25 by cold working</caption>]]b) parallel to extrusion direction</figure>

Fig<figure id="fig:Softening of Ag ZnO 92 8 PW25"> [[File:Softening of Ag ZnO 92 8 PW25. 2.114: Micro structure jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of Ag/SnOZnO 92/8 PW25 after annealing for 1 hr after 30% cold working<sub/caption>2]]</subfigure> 88/12 TOS F: a) perpendicular to extrusion directionb) parallel to extrusion direction

Fig. 2.115<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of Ag ZnO 92 8 WPW25"> [[File: Micro structure Strain hardening of Ag/SnOZnO 92 8 WPW25.jpg|left|thumb|<subcaption>2Strain hardening of Ag/ZnO 92/8 WPW25 by cold working</subcaption> 86/14 WPC: a) perpendicular to extrusion direction]]b) parallel to extrusion direction, 1) AgSnO<sub>2</subfigure> contact layer, 2) Ag backing layer

Fig. 2.116<figure id="fig:Softening of Ag ZnO 92 8 WPW25"> [[File: Micro structure Softening of Ag/SnOZnO 92 8 WPW25.jpg|left|thumb|<subcaption>2<Softening of Ag/sub> ZnO 92/8 WTOS F: a) perpendicular to extrusion directionb) parallel to extrusion direction,1) AgSnOWPW25 after annealing for 1hr after different degrees of cold working<sub/caption>2]]</subfigure> contact layer, 2) Ag backing layer

Fig. 2.117<figure id="fig: Micro structure ofAg ZnO 92 8 PW25"> [[File:Micro structure of Ag/SnOZnO 92 8 Pw25.jpg|left|thumb|<subcaption>2<Micro structure of Ag/sub> 88ZnO 92/12 WPD8 PW25: a) perpendicular to extrusion direction b) parallel to extrusion direction1) AgSnO<sub/caption>2]]</subfigure> contact layer, 2) Ag backing layer

Fig. 2.118<figure id="fig: Micro structure ofAg ZnO 92 8 WPW25"> [[File:Micro structure of Ag/SnOZnO 92 8 WPW25.jpg|right|thumb|<subcaption>2<Micro structure of Ag/sub> 88ZnO 92/12 WPX8 WPW25:a) perpendicular to extrusion direction b) parallel to extrusion direction, 1) AgSnO<sub>2<Ag/sub> ZnO contact layer, 2) Ag backing layer</caption>]]</figure></div><div class="clear"></div>

<figtable id="tab:tab2.29"><caption>'''<!--Table 2.2729: Physical Properties -->Optimizing of Powder Metallurgical Silver-Metal Silver–Tin Oxide MaterialsRegarding their Switching Properties and Forming Behavior'''</caption>with Fine Silver Backing Produced by the Press<table class="twocolortable"><tr><th><p class="s12">Material/</p><p class="s12">Material Group</p></th><th><p class="s12">Special Properties<th colspan="2"></p></th></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Ag/SnO₂ PE</p></td><td><p class="s12">Especially suitable for automotive relays</p><p class="s12">(lamp loads)</p></td><td><p class="s12">Good formability (contact rivets)</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Ag/SnO₂ TOS F</p></td><td><p class="s12">Especially suited for high inductive</p><p class="s12">DC loads</p></td><td><p class="s12">Very good formability (contact rivets)</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Ag/SnO₂ WPD</p></td><td><p class="s12">Especially suited for severe loads (AC-Sinter-Repress Process4)</p><p class="s12">and high switching currents</p></td><td/></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Ag/SnO₂ W TOS F</p></td><td><p class="s12">Especially suitable for high inductive DC</p><p class="s12">loads</p></td><td/></tr></table></figtable>

<figtable id="tab:Contact and Switching Properties of Silver–Metal Oxide Materials"><caption>'''<!--Table 2.2830: Physical -->Contact and Mechanical Switching Properties as well as Manufacturing Processes andForms of Supply of Extruded Silver-Zinc Silver–Metal Oxide (DODURIT ZnO) ContactMaterials'''</caption>

Fig. {| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"|-!Material!Properties|-|Ag/SnO_{2.120: Strain hardening}<br />|Environmentally friendly materials,<br />Very high resistance against welding during current-on-switching,<br />Weld resistance increases with higher oxide contents,<br />Low and stable contact resistance over the life of the device and good<br />temperature rise properties through use ofspecial additives,<br />High arc erosion resistance and contact life,<br />Very low and flat material transfer during DC load switching,<br />Good arc moving and very good arc extinguishing properties|-|Ag/ZnO 92<br />|Environmentally friendly materials,<br />High resistance against welding during current-on-switching<br />(capacitor contactors),<br />Low and stable contact resistance through special oxide additives,<br />Very high arc erosion resistance at high switching currents,<br />Less favorable than Ag/SnO₂ for electrical life and material transfer,<br />With Ag₂WO₄ additive especially suitable for AC relays|}</8 PW25 by cold workingfigtable>

Fig. <figtable id="tab:Application Examples of Silver–Metal Oxide Materials"><caption>'''<!--Table 2.12231: Strain hardening -->Application Examples ofSilver–Metal Oxide Materials'''</caption><table class="twocolortable"><tr><th><p class="s12">Material</p></th><th><p class="s12">Application Examples</p></th></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Ag/SnO₂<span class="s48"></span></p></td><td><p class="s12">Micro switches, Network relays, Automotive relays, Appliance switches,</p><p class="s12">Main switches, contactors, Fault current protection relays (paired against</p><p class="s12">Ag/C), (Main) Power switches</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Ag/ZnO 92</8 WPW25p></td><td><p class="s12">Wiring devices, AC relays, Appliance switches, Motor-protective circuit</p><p class="s12">breakers (paired with Ag/Ni or Ag/C), Fault current circuit breakers paired againct Ag/C, (Main) Power switches</p></td></tr></table>by cold working</figtable>

Fig====Silver–Graphite Materials====Ag/C contact materials are usually produced by powder metallurgy with graphite contents of 2 – 6 wt% (<xr id="tab:tab2. 32"/>)<!--(Table 2.123: Softening 32)-->. The earlier typical manufacturing process ofAg/ZnO 92/8 WPW25 after annealing single pressed tips by pressing - sintering - repressing (PSR) has been replaced in Europe for quite some time by extrusion. In North America and some other regions however the PSR process is still used to some extend mainly for1hr after different degrees of cold workingcost reasons.

The extrusion of sintered billets is now the dominant manufacturing method for semi-finished AgC materials<!--[[#figures3|(Figs. 64 – 67)]]<!--(Figs. 2.126 – 2.129)-->. The hot extrusion process results in a high density material with graphite particles stretched and oriented in the extrusion direction [[#figures4|(Figs. 68 – 71)]]<!--(Figs. 2.130 – 2.133)-->. Depending on the extrusion method in either rod or strip form, the graphite particles can be oriented in the finished contact tips perpendicular or parallel to the switching contact surface (<xr id="fig:Micro structure of Ag C 95 5"/><!--(Fig. 2.115131)--> and <xr id="fig: Micro structure of AgC 96 4 D"/ZnO 92/8 Pw25: a>) perpendicular to extrusion directionb<!--(Fig. 2.132) parallel to extrusion direction-->.

Fig. 2.116: Micro structure Since the graphite particles in the Ag matrix of Ag/ZnO 92/8 WPW25:C materials prevent contact tips from directly being welded or brazed, a) perpendicular to extrusion directionb) parallel to extrusion direction, 1) Ag/ZnO contact graphite free bottom layer, 2is required. This is achieved by burning out (de-graphitizing) Ag backing layerthe graphite selectively on one side of the tips.

Table 2Ag/C contact materials exhibit on the one hand an extremely high resistance to contact welding but on the other have a low arc erosion resistance.29: Optimizing This is caused by the reaction of Silver–Tin Oxide Materials Regarding their SwitchingProperties and Forming Behaviorgraphite with the oxygen in the surrounding atmosphere at the high temperatures created by the arcing. The weld resistance is especially high for materials with the graphite particle orientation parallel to the arcing contact surface. Since the contact surface after arcing consists of pure silver, the contact resistance stays consistantly low during the electrical life of the contact parts.

Table A disadvantage of the Ag/C materials is their rather high erosion rate. In materials with parallel graphite orientation this can be improved, if a part of the graphite is incorporated into the material (Ag/C DF) in the form of fibers (<xr id="fig:Micro structure of Ag C DF"/>)<!--(Fig. 2.30: Contact and Switching Properties 133)-->. The weld resistance is determined by the total content of Silver–Metal Oxide Materialsgraphite particles.

Ag/C tips with vertical graphite particle orientation are produced in a specific sequence: Extrusion to rods, cutting of double thickness tips, burning out of graphite to a controlled layer thickness, and a second cutting to single tips. Such contact tips are especially well suited for applications which require both, a high weld resistance and a sufficiently high arc erosion resistance (<xr id="tab:tab2.33"/>)<!--(Table 2.31: Application Examples 33)-->. For attachment of Silver–Metal Oxide MaterialsAg/C tips welding and brazing techniques are applied.

====Silver–Graphite (GRAPHOR)-Materials====Welding the actual process depends on the material's graphite orientation. For Ag/C (GRAPHOR) contact materials tips with vertical graphite orientation the contacts are usually produced by powder metallurgyassembled with graphite contents of 2 – 5 wt% ''(Table 2.32)''. The earlier typicalmanufacturing process of single pressed tips by pressing - sintering - repressing(PSR) has been replaced . For parallel orientation a more economical attachment starting with contact material in strip or profile tape form is used in Europe for quite some time by extrusion. In NorthAmerica integrated stamping and some other regions however welding operations with the PSR process is still used tape fed into the weld station, cut off to tip form and then welded to someextend mainly for cost reasonsthe carrier material before forming the final contact assembly part. For special low energy welding, the Ag/C profile tapes can be pre-coated with a thin layer of high temperature brazing alloys such as CuAgP.

The extrusion of sintered billets is now the dominant manufacturing method forsemi-finished AgC materials ''(Figs. 2.126 – 2.129)''. The hot extrusion processresults in In a high density material rather limited way, Ag/C with graphite particles stretched and oriented inthe extrusion direction ''(Figs. 2.130 – 2.133)''. Depending on the extrusionmethod in either rod or strip form the 3 wt% graphite particles can be oriented produced in thefinished wire form and headed into contact tips perpendicular (GRAPHOR) or parallel (GRAPHOR D) to theswitching contact surface ''(Figs. 2.131 and 2.132)''rivet shape with low head deformation ratios.

Since the graphite particles in the Ag matrix of The main applications for Ag/C materials prevent contacttips from directly being welded or brazedare protective switching devices such as miniature molded case circuit breakers, a graphite free bottom layer motor-protective circuit breakers, and fault current circuit breakers, where during short circuit failures, highest resistance against welding isrequired(<xr id="tab:tab2. This is achieved by either burning out 34"/>)<!--(deTable 2.34)-graphitizing) the graphiteselectively on one side of ->. For higher currents the tips or by compound extrusion low arc erosion resistance of a Ag/C billetcovered is compensated by asymmetrical pairing with a fine silver shellmore erosion resistant materials such as Ag/Ni, Ag/W and Ag/WC.

<div class="multiple-images"><figure id="fig:Strain hardening of Ag/C contact materials exhibit on the one hand an extremely high resistance to96 4 D">contact welding but on the other have a low arc erosion resistance[[File:Strain hardening of Ag C 96 4 D. This iscaused by the reaction jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of graphite with the oxygen in the surroundingatmosphere at the high temperatures created Ag/C 96/4 by the arcing. The weld resistancecold working</caption>]]is especially high for materials with the graphite particle orientation parallel to thearcing contact surface. Since the contact surface after arcing consists of puresilver the contact resistance stays consistently low during the electrical life of thecontact parts.</figure>

A disadvantage <figure id="fig:Softening of the Ag/C materials is their rather high erosion rate. In materials96 4 D"> with parallel graphite orientation this can be improved if part [[File:Softening of the graphite isincorporated into the material in the form Ag C 96 4 D.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of fibers (GRAPHOR DF), ''(Fig. 2.133)''.Ag/C 96/4 after annealing</caption>]]The weld resistance is determined by the total content of graphite particles.</figure>

<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of Ag/C tips with vertical graphite particle orientation are produced in a specificDF"> sequence[[File: Extrusion to rods, cutting Strain hardening of double thickness tips, burning out ofgraphite to a controlled layer thickness, and a second cutting to single tips.Such contact tips are especially well suited for applications which require both,a high weld resistance and a sufficiently high arc erosion resistance ''(Table 2.33)''Ag C DF.For attachment jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of Ag/C tips welding and brazing techniques are applied.DF by cold working</caption>]]</figure>

welding the actual process depends on the material's graphite orientation. For<figure id="fig:Softening of Ag C DF after annealing"> [[File:Softening of Ag/C tips with vertical graphite orientation the contacts are assembled withsingle tipsDF after annealing. For parallel orientation a more economical attachment starting withcontact material in strip or profile tape form is used in integrated stamping andwelding operations with the tape fed into the weld station, cut off to tip form andthen welded to the carrier material before forming the final contact assemblypart. For special low energy welding the jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of Ag/C profile tapes GRAPHOR D and DFafter annealing</caption>]]can be pre-coated with a thin layer of high temperature brazing alloys such asCuAgP.</figure>

In <figure id="fig:Micro structure of Ag C 97 3"> [[File:Micro structure of Ag C 97 3.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure of Ag/C 97/3: a rather limited way) perpendicular to extrusion direction b) parallel to extrusion direction, 1) Ag/C with contact layer, 2 – 3 wt% graphite can be produced in wire) Ag backing layer</caption>]]form and headed into contact rivet shape with low head deformation ratios.</figure>

The main applications for <figure id="fig:Micro structure of Ag/C materials are protective switching devices such95 5"> as miniature molded case circuit breakers, motor-protective circuit breakers,and fault current circuit breakers, where during short circuit failures highestresistance against welding is required ''(Table 2[[File:Micro structure of Ag C 95 5.34)''. For higher currents the lowarc erosion resistance jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure of Ag/C is compensated by asymmetrical pairing withmore erosion resistant materials such as 95/5: a) perpendicular to extrusion direction b) parallel to extrusion direction, 1) Ag/Ni and C contact layer, 2) Agbacking layer</caption>]]</W.figure>

Fig. 2.126<figure id="fig:Micro structure of Ag C 96 4 D"> Strain hardening[[File:Micro structure of Ag C 96 4 D.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure of Ag/C 96/4 D: a) perpendicular to extrusion direction b) parallel to extrusion direction, 1) Ag/C contact layer, 2) Ag backing layer</caption>]]by cold working</figure>

Fig. 2.127<figure id="fig:Micro structure of Ag C DF"> Softening [[File:Micro structure of Ag C DF.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure of Ag/C 96DF: a) perpendicular to extrusion direction b) parallel to extrusion direction, 1) Ag/C contact layer, 2) Ag/Ni 90/10 backing layer</caption>]]</figure></4 D afterdiv>annealing<div class="clear"></div>

Fig<figtable id="tab:tab2. 32"><caption>'''<!--Table 2.12832: Strain hardening-->Physical Properties of AgSilver–Graphite Contact Materials'''</C DF by cold workingcaption>

Fig{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"|-!Material !Silver Content<br />[wt%]!Density<br />[g/cm³]!Melting Point<br />[°C]!Electrical Resistivity<br />[μΩ·cm]!colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|Electrical<br />Conductivity<br />[% IACS] [MS/m]!Vickers-Hardnes<br />HV10<br />42 - 45|-|Ag/C 98/2|97.5 - 98.5|9.5|960|1.85 - 1.92|90 - 93|48 - 50|42 - 44|-|Ag/C 97/3|96.5 - 97.5|9.1|960|1.92 - 2.0|86 - 90|45 - 48|41 - 43|-|Ag/C 96/4|95.5 - 96.5|8.7|960|2. 04 - 2.129: Softening13|81 - 84|42 - 46|40 - 42|-of |Ag/C 95/5|94.5 - 95.5|8.5|960|2.12 - 2.22|78 - 81|40 - 44|40 - 60|-|AgC DF<br />GRAPHOR DF after annealing[[#text-reference1|¹]]|95.7 - 96.7|8.7 - 8.9|960|2.27 - 2.50|69 - 76|40 - 44|-|}<div id="text-reference1">₁ Graphite content 3.8 wt%, Graphite particles and fibers parallel to switching surface</div></figtable>

Fig<figtable id="tab:tab2. 33"><caption>'''<!--Table 2.13333: Micro structure -->Contact and Switching properties of Silver–Graphite Contact Materials'''</caption><table class="twocolortable"><tr><th><p class="s12">Material</p></p></th><th><p class="s11">Properties</p></th></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Ag/C DF: a) perpendicular to extrusion directionb) </p></p></td><td><p class="s12">Highest resistance against welding during make operations at high currents,</p><p class="s12">High resistance against welding of closed contacts during short circuit,</p><p class="s12">Increase of weld resistance with higher graphite contents, Low contact resistance,</p><p class="s12">Low arc erosion resistance, especially during break operations, Higher arc erosion with increasing graphite contents, at the same time carbon build-up on switching chamber walls increases, silver-graphite with vertical orientation has better arc erosion resistance, parallel to extrusion directionorientation has better weld resistance, 1) Ag</C contact layerp><p class="s12">Limited arc moving properties, therefore paired with other materials, 2) Ag</Ni 90p><p class="s12">Limited formability,</10 p><p class="s12">Can be welded and brazed with decarbonized backing layer, GRAPHOR DF is optimized for arc erosion resistance and weld resistance</p></td></tr></table></figtable>

<figtable id="tab:tab2.34"><caption>'''<!--Table 2.3334: -->Application Examples and Forms of Supply of Silver– Graphite Contact Materials'''</caption><table class="twocolortable"><tr><th><p class="s12">Material</p><p class="s12"></p></th><th><p class="s12">Application Examples</p></th><th><p class="s12">Form of Supply</p></th></tr><td><p class="s12">Ag/C 98/2</p><p class="s12"></p></td><td><p class="s12">Motor circuit breakers, paired with Ag/Ni</p></td><td><p class="s12">Contact tips, brazed and Switching properties of Silver–Graphite welded contact parts, some contact rivets </p><p class="s12">Contact profiles (weld tapes), Contact tips, brazed and welded contact parts</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Ag/C 97/3</p><p class="s12"></p><p class="s12">Ag/C 96/4</p><p class="s12"></p><p class="s12">Ag/C 95/5</p><p class="s12"></p><p class="s12">Ag/C DF</p></td><td><p class="s12">Circuit breakers, paired with Cu, Motor-protective circuit breakers, paired with Ag/Ni,</p><p class="s12">Fault current circuit breakers, paired with Ag/Ni, Ag/W, Ag/WC, Ag/SnO₂<span class="s45"></span>, Ag/ZnO,</p><p class="s12">(GRAPHORMain) Power switches, paired with Ag/Ni, Ag/W</p></td><td><p class="s12">Contact Materialstips, brazed and welded contact</p><p class="s12">parts, some contact rivets with</p><p class="s12">Ag/C97/3</p></td></tr></table></figtable>

Table 2.34: Application Examples and Forms of Supply of Silver–==References==Graphite (GRAPHOR) [[Contact Materialsfor Electrical Engineering#References|References]]

Pre[[de:Werkstoffe_auf_Silber-Production of Contact Materials(Bild)Basis]]