2,315
edits
Changes
→Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys
|Be 1.6 - 1.8<br />Co 0.3<br />Ni 0.3<br />Cu Rest
|8.4
|8 - 9[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />12 - 13[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />11[[#text-reference3|<sup>c</sup>]]
|14 - 16<br />21 - 22<br />19
|11 - 12.5[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />7.7 - 8.3[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup><br />]]9.1[[#text-reference3|<sup>c</sup>]]
|110
|17
|125[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />135[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]
|ca. 380
|890 - 1000
|Be 1.8 - 2.1<br />Co 0.3<br />Ni 0.3<br />Cu Rest
|8.3
|8 - 9[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />12 - 13[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />11[[#text-reference3|<sup>c</sup>]]
|14 - 16<br />21 - 22<br />19
|11 - 12.5[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />7.7 - 8.3[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />9.1[[#text-reference3|<sup>c</sup>]]
|110
|17
|125[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />135[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]
|ca. 380
|870 - 980
|Co 2.0 - 2.8<br />Be 0.4 - 0.7<br />Ni 0.3<br />Cu Rest
|8.8
|11 - 14[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />25 - 27[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />27 - 34[[#text-reference3|<sup>c</sup>]]
|19 - 24<br />43 - 47<br />47 - 59
|7.1 - 9.1[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />3.7 - 4.0[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />2.9[[#text-reference3|<sup>c</sup>]]
|210
|18
|131[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />138[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]
|ca. 450
|1030 - 1070
|Ni 1.4 - 2.2<br />Be 0.2 - 0.6<br />Co 0.3<br />Cu Rest
|8.8
|11 - 14[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />25 - 27[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />27 - 34[[#text-reference3|<sup>c</sup>]]
|19 - 24<br />43 - 47<br />47 - 59
|7.1 - 9.1[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />3.7 - 4.0[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />2.9[[#text-reference3|<sup>c</sup>]]
|230
|18
|131[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />138[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]
|ca. 480
|1060 - 1100
|}
<div id="text-reference1"><sub>a</sub> solution annealed, and cold rolled</div>
<div id="text-reference2"><sub>b</sub> solution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened</div>
<div id="text-reference3"><sub>c</sub> solution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened at mill (mill hardened)</div>
</figtable>
<figtable id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Selected Copper-Beryllium Alloys">
!Elongation<br />A<sub>50</sub><br />[%]
!Vickers<br />Hardness<br />HV
!Bend Radius[[#text-reference4|<sup>1)</sup>]]<br />perpendicular to<br />rolling direction!Bend Radius[[#text-reference4|<sup>1)</sup>]]<br />parallel to<br />rolling direction
!Spring Bending<br />Limit σ<sub>FB</sub><br />[MPa]
!Spring Fatigue<br />Limit σ<sub>BW</sub><br />[MPa]
|-
|CuBe1,7
|R 390[[#text-reference5|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />R 680[[#text-reference5|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />R 1030[[#text-reference6|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />R 1240[[#text-reference6|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />R 680[[#text-reference7|<sup>c</sup>]]<br />R 1100[[#text-reference7|<sup>c</sup>]]
|380 -520<br />680 - 820<br />1030 - 1240<br />1240 - 1380<br />680 - 750<br />1100 - 1200
|≥ 180<br />≥ 600<br />≥ 900<br />≥ 1070<br />≥ 480<br />≥ 930
|-
|CuBe2
|R 410[[#text-reference5|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />R 690[[#text-reference5|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />R 1140[[#text-reference6|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />R 1310[[#text-reference6|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />R 690[[#text-reference7|<sup>c</sup>]]<br />R 1200[[#text-reference7|<sup>c</sup>]]
|410 -540<br />690 - 820<br />1140 - 1310<br />1310 - 1480<br />690 - 760<br />1200 - 1320
|≥ 190<br />≥ 650<br />≥ 1000<br />≥ 1150<br />≥ 480<br />≥ 1030
|-
|CuCo2Be<br />CuNi2Be
|R 250[[#text-reference5|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />R 550[[#text-reference5|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />R 650[[#text-reference6|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />R 850[[#text-reference6|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />R 520[[#text-reference7|<sup>c</sup>]]
|250 - 380<br />550 - 700<br />650 - 820<br />850 - 1000<br />520 - 620
|≥ 140<br />≥ 450<br />≥ 520<br />≥ 750<br />≥ 340
| <br /> <br />220<br />250<br />210
|}
</figtablediv id="text-reference4"><supsub>1)</supsub> t: Strip thickness max. 0.5 mm<br /div><supdiv id="text-reference5"><sub>a</supsub>solution annealed, and cold rolled<br /div> <supdiv id="text-reference6"><sub>b</supsub>solution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened<br /div> <supdiv id="text-reference7"><sub>c</supsub>solution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened at mill (mill hardened)</div></figtable> <br/><br/>
====<!--5.1.6.2-->Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys====
=====<!--5.1.6.2.1-->Copper-Chromium Alloys=====
As the phase diagram shows, copper-chromium has a similar hardening profile compared to CuBe (<xr id="fig:Copper corner of the copper-chromium phase diagram for up to 0.8 wt% chromium"/><!--(Fig. 5.32)-->). In the hardened stage CuCr has limitations to work hardening. Compared to copper it has a better temperature stability with good electrical conductivity. Hardness and electrical conductivity as a function of cold working and precipitation hardening conditions are illustrated in [[#figures8|(Figs. 6 – 9)]]<!--Figs. 5.33-5.35-->, and <xr id="tab:Physical Properties of Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys"/><!--(Tables 5.19)--> and <xr id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys"/><!--(Tab. 5.20)-->).
Copper-chromium materials are especially suitable for use as electrodes for resistance welding. During brazing the loss in hardness is limited, if low melting brazing alloys and reasonably short heating times are used.
|Cr 0.3 - 1.2<br />Cu Rest
|8.89
|26[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />48[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]|45[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />83[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]|3.8[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />2.1[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]|170[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />315[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]
|17
|112
|Zr 0.1 - 0.3<br />Cu Rest
|8.9
|35[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />52[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]|60[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />90[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]|2.9[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />1.9[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]|340[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]
|16
|135
|Cr 0.5 - 1.2<br />Zr 0.03 - 0.3<br />Cu Rest
|8.92
|20[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />43[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]|34[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />74[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]|5.0[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />2.3[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]|170[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />310 - 330[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]
|16
|110[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />130[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]
|ca. 500
|1070 - 1080
|}
<div id="text-reference8"><sub>a</sub> solution annealed, and cold rolled</div>
<div id="text-reference9"><sub>b</sub> solution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened</div>
</figtable>
<figtable id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys">
=====<!--5.1.6.2.2-->Copper-Zirconium Alloys=====
The solubility of Zirconium in copper is 0.15 wt% Zr at the eutectic temperature of 980°C (<xr id="fig:Copper corner of the copper zirconium for up to 0.5-wt zirconium"/><!--(Fig. 5.36)-->). Copper-zirconium materials have a similar properties spectrum , compared to the one for copper-chromium materials. At room temperature the mechanical properties of copper-zirconium are less suitable than those of copper chromium, its temperature stability is however at least the same.
=====<!--5.1.6.2.3-->Copper-Chromium-Zirconium Alloys=====
The earlier used CuCr and CuZr materials have been partially replaced over the years , by the capitation hardening three materials alloy CuCr1Zr. This material exhibits high mechanical strength at elevated temperatures and good oxidation resistance as well as high softening temperatures. In its hardened condition CuCr1Zr has also a high electrical conductivity (<xr id="fig:Softening of CuCr1Zr after 1hr annealing"/><!--(Bild 5.37)-->). Their usage extends from mechanically and thermally highly stressed parts , such as contact tulips in high voltage switchgear to or electrodes for resistance welding. <xr id="fig:Copper corner of the copper zirconium for up to 0.5-wt zirconium"/><!--Fig. 5.36:--> Copper corner of the copper- zirconium for up to 0.5 wt% zirconium <xr id="fig:Softening of CuCr1Zr after 1hr annealing"/><!--Fig. 5.37:--> Softening of CuCr1Zr after 1 hr annealing and after 90% cold working
<div class="multiple-images">
<figure id="fig:Copper corner of the copper zirconium for up to 0.5-wt zirconium">
[[File:Copper corner of the copper zirconium for up to 0.5-wt zirconium.jpg|right|thumb|Figure 10: Copper corner of the copper- zirconium for up to 0.5 wt% zirconium]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Softening of CuCr1Zr after 1hr annealing">
[[File:Softening of CuCr1Zr after 1hr annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Figure 11: Softening of CuCr1Zr after 1 hr annealing and after 90% cold working]]
</figure>
</div>
