Changes

Besides the naturally hard copper materials precipitation hardening copper alloys play also an important role as carrier materials for electrical contacts. By means of a suitable heat treatment finely dispersed precipitations of a second phase can be achieved which increase the mechanical strength of these copper alloys significantly.  ====<!--5.1.6.1 -->Copper-Beryllium Alloys (Beryllium Bronze)====

phase diagram for CuBe shows, 2.4 wt% of Be are soluble in Cu at 780°C <xr id="fig:Phase diagram of copperberyllium with temperature ranges for brazing and annealing treatmentsPhase_diagram_of_copperberyllium_with_temperature_ranges_for_brazing_and_annealing_treatments"/> <!--(Fig. 5.28)-->. In this temperature range annealed CuBe alloys are homogeneous(solution annealing). The homogeneous state can be frozen through rapid cooling to room temperature (quenching). Through a subsequent annealing at 325°C the desired precipitation hardening is achieved which results in a significant increase in mechanical strength and electrical conductivity of CuBe ''<xr id="tab:Physical_Properties_of_Selected_Copper_Beryllium_Alloys"/><!--(Table Tab. 5.17)''-->. The final strength and hardness values depend on the annealing temperature and time as well as on the initial degree of cold working ''<xr id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Selected Copper-Beryllium Alloys"/><!--(Table 5.18)'' --> and [[#figures7|(Figs. 43 – 75)]]<!--(Figs. 5.29 - 5.31)-->.

<xr id="fig:Precipitation hardening of CuBe2 (soft) at 325°CPhase_diagram_of_copperberyllium_with_temperature_ranges_for_brazing_and_annealing_treatments"/> <!--Fig. 5.3028: Precipitation hardening --> Phase diagram of CuBe2 (soft) at 325°Ccopper- beryllium with temperature ranges for brazing and annealing treatments

<xr id="fig:Precipitation_hardening_of_CuBe2_at_325°C_after_different_cold_working"/><!--Fig. 5.29:--> Precipitation hardening of CuBe2 at 325°C after different cold working <xr id="fig:Precipitation_hardening_of_CuBe2_(soft)_at_325°C"/><!--Fig. 5.30:--> Precipitation hardening of CuBe2 (soft) at 325°C <xr id="fig:Precipitation_hardening_of_CuBe2_(half hard) at different annealing temperatures_at_different_annealing_temperatures"/> <!--Fig. 5.31: --> Precipitation hardening of CuBe2 (half hard) at different annealing temperatures

 <figure id="fig:Precipitation hardening Phase_diagram_of_copperberyllium_with_temperature_ranges_for_brazing_and_annealing_treatments">[[File:Phase diagram of copper beryllium with temperature ranges.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Phase diagram of CuBe2 at 325°C after different cold workingcopper- beryllium with temperature ranges for brazing and annealing treatments</caption>]]</figure> <figure id="fig:Precipitation_hardening_of_CuBe2_at_325°C_after_different_cold_working"> [[File:Precipitation hardening of CuBe2 at 325C.jpg|rightleft|thumb|<caption>Precipitation hardening of CuBe2 at 325°C after different cold working</caption>]]

<figure id="fig:Precipitation hardening of CuBe2 Precipitation_hardening_of_CuBe2_(soft) at 325°C_at_325°C"> [[File:Precipitation hardening of CuBe2 (soft) at 325C.jpg|rightleft|thumb|<caption>Precipitation hardening of CuBe2 (soft) at 325°C</caption>]]

<figure id="fig:Precipitation hardening of CuBe2 Precipitation_hardening_of_CuBe2_(half hard) at different annealing temperatures_at_different_annealing_temperatures"> [[File:Precipitation hardening of CuBe2 half hard.jpg|rightleft|thumb|<caption>Precipitation hardening of CuBe2 (half hard) at different annealing temperatures</caption>]]

<figtable id="tab:Physical_Properties_of_Selected_Copper_Beryllium_Alloys"><caption>'''<!--Table 5.17:-->Physical Properties of Selected Copper-Beryllium Alloys'''</caption>  {| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"|-!Material<br />Designation<br />EN UNS !Composition<br />[wt%]!Density<br />[g/cm³]!colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|Electrical<br />Conductivity !Electrical<br />Resistivity<br />[μΩ·cm]!Thermal<br />Conductivity<br />[W/(m·K)]!Coeff. of Linear<br />Thermal<br />Expansion<br />[10^-6/K]!Modulus of<br />Elasticity<br />[GPa]!Softening Temperature<br />(approx. 10% loss in<br />strength)<br />[°C]!Melting<br />Temp Range<br />[°C]|-! !!![MS/m] ![% IACS]!!!!!!|-|CuBe1.7<br />CW100C<br />C17000|Be 1.6 - 1.8<br />Co 0.3<br />Ni 0.3<br />Cu Rest|8.4|8 - 9^a<br />12 - 13^b<br />11^c|14 - 16<br />21 - 22<br />19|11 - 12.5^a<br />7.7 - 8.3^b<br />9.1^c|110|17|125^a<br />135^b|ca. 380|890 - 1000|-|CuBe2<br />CW101C<br />C17200|Be 1.8 - 2.1<br />Co 0.3<br />Ni 0.3<br />Cu Rest|8.3|8 - 9^a<br />12 - 13^b<br />11^c|14 - 16<br />21 - 22<br />19|11 - 12.5^a<br />7.7 - 8.3^b<br />9.1^c|110|17|125^a<br />135^b|ca. 380|870 - 980|-|CuCo2Be<br />CW104C<br />C17500|Co 2.0 - 2.8<br />Be 0.4 - 0.7<br />Ni 0.3<br />Cu Rest|8.8|11 - 14^a<br />25 - 27^b<br />27 - 34^c|19 - 24<br />43 - 47<br />47 - 59|7.1 - 9.1^a<br />3.7 - 4.0^b<br />2.9^c|210|18|131^a<br />138^b|ca. 450|1030 - 1070|-|CuNi2Be<br />CW110C<br />C17510|Ni 1.4 - 2.2<br />Be 0.2 - 0.6<br />Co 0.3<br />Cu Rest|8.8|11 - 14^a<br />25 - 27^b<br />27 - 34^c|19 - 24<br />43 - 47<br />47 - 59|7.1 - 9.1^a<br />3.7 - 4.0^b<br />2.9^c|230|18|131^a<br />138^b|ca. 480|1060 - 1100|}</figtable> ^asolution annealed, and cold rolled<br /> ^bsolution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened<br /> ^csolution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened at mill (mill hardened)  <figtable id="tab: Mechanical Properties of Selected Copper-Beryllium Alloys"><caption>''' (2 Teile<!)--Table 5.18:-->Mechanical Properties of Selected Copper-Beryllium Alloys'''</caption>

{| class="twocolortable" style==="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"|-!Material!Hardness<br />Condition!Tensile Strength R_m<br />[MPa]!0,2% Yield Strength<br />R_p02<br />[MPa]!Elongation<br />A₅₀<br />[%]!Vickers<br />Hardness<br />HV!Bend Radius¹⁾<br />perpendicular to<br />rolling direction!Bend Radius¹⁾<br />parallel to<br />rolling direction!Spring Bending<br />Limit σ_FB<br />[MPa]!Spring Fatigue<br />Limit σ_BW<br />[MPa]|-|CuBe1,7|R 390^a<br />R 680^a<br />R 1030^b<br />R 1240^b<br />R 680^c<br />R 1100^c|380 -520<br />680 - 820<br />1030 - 1240<br />1240 - 1380<br />680 - 750<br />1100 - 1200|&ge; 180<br />&ge; 600<br />&ge; 900<br />&ge; 1070<br />&ge; 480<br />&ge; 930|35<br />2<br />3<br />1<br />18<br />3|80 - 135<br />210 - 250<br />330 - 380<br />360 - 420<br />220 - 350<br />330 - 370|0 x t<br />1 x t<br />1 x t<br /><br />1 x t<br />6 x t|0 x t<br />3 x t<br />1.5 x t<br /><br />1 x t<br />10 x t| <br /> <br />700<br />1000<br />390<br />790| <br /> <br />260<br />280<br /> <br />260|-|CuBe2|R 410^a<br />R 690^a<br />R 1140^b<br />R 1310^b<br />R 690^c<br />R 1200^c|410 -540<br />690 - 820<br />1140 - 1310<br />1310 - 1480<br />690 - 760<br />1200 - 1320|&ge; 190<br />&ge; 650<br />&ge; 1000<br />&ge; 1150<br />&ge; 480<br />&ge; 1030|35<br />2<br />3<br />1<br />18<br />3|90 - 140<br />215 - 260<br />350 - 400<br />380 - 450<br />220 - 250<br />360 - 410|0 x t<br />1 x t<br /> <br /> <br />1 x t<br />5 x t|0 x t<br />3 x t<br /> <br /> <br />1.5 x t<br />10 x t| <br /> <br />800<br />1040<br />400<br />900| <br /> <br />270<br />300<br /> <br />280|-|CuCo2Be<br />CuNi2Be|R 250^a<br />R 550^a<br />R 650^b<br />R 850^b<br />R 520^c|250 - 380<br />550 - 700<br />650 - 820<br />850 - 1000<br />520 - 620|&ge; 140<br />&ge; 450<br />&ge; 520<br />&ge; 750<br />&ge; 340|20<br />2<br />10<br />1<br />5|60 - 90<br />160 - 200<br />195 - 230<br />240 - 290<br />150 - 180|0 x t<br />3 x t<br />1 x t<br />3 x t<br />1 x t|0 x t<br /> <br />1 x t<br />3.5 x t<br />1x t| <br /> <br />360<br />650<br />300| <br /> <br />220<br />250<br />210|}</figtable>¹⁾ t: Strip thickness max.60.2 Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys====5 mm<br />^asolution annealed, and cold rolled<br /> ^bsolution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened<br /> ^csolution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened at mill (mill hardened)

=====<!--5.1.6.2.1 -->Other Precipitation Hardening Copper-Chromium Alloys=====

=====<!--5.1.6.2.1-->Copper-Chromium Alloys===== As the phase diagram shows, copper-chromium has a similar hardening profile compared to CuBe ''<xr id="fig:Copper corner of the copper-chromium phase diagram for up to 0.8 wt% chromium"/><!--(Fig. 5.32)''-->. In the hardened stage CuCr has limitations to work hardening. Compared to copper it has a better temperature stability with good electrical conductivity. Hardness and electrical conductivity as a function of cold working and precipitation hardening conditions are illustrated in [[#figures8|(Figs. 6 – 9)]]<!--Figs. 5.33-5.35 ''-->, <xr id="tab:Physical Properties of Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys"/><!--(Tables 5.19 )--> and <xr id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys"/><!--(Tab. 5.20)''-->.

<div id="figures5"> <xr id="fig:Copper corner of the copper-chromium phase diagram for up to 0.8 wt% chromium"/><!--Fig. 5.32:--> Copper corner of the copper-chromium phase diagram for up to 0.8 wt% chromium <xr id="fig:Softening of precipitation hardened and subsequently cold worked CuCr1"/><!--Fig. 5.33:--> Softening of precipitation-hardened and subsequently cold worked CuCr1 after 4hrs annealing <xr id="fig:Electrical conductivity of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6"/><!--Fig. 5.34 a:--> Electrical conductivity of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6 as a function of annealing conditions <xr id="fig:Hardness of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6"/><!--Fig. 5.34 b:--> Hardness of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6 as a function of annealing conditions <xr id="fig:Electrical conductivity and hardness of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6"/><!--Fig. 5.35:--> Electrical conductivity and hardness of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6 after cold working</div> <div class="multiple-images"> <figure id="fig: Copper corner of the copper-chromium phase diagram for up to 0.8 wt% chromium">[[File:Copper corner of the copper chromium phase diagram.jpg|rightleft|thumb|<caption>Copper corner of the copper-chromium phase diagram for up to 0.8 wt% chromium</caption>]] </figure> <figure id="fig:Softening of precipitation hardened and subsequently cold worked CuCr1"> [[File:Softening of precipitation hardened and subsequently cold worked CuCr1.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of precipitation-hardened and subsequently cold worked CuCr1 after 4hrs annealing</caption>]]</figure> <figure id="fig:Electrical conductivity of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6"> [[File:Electrical conductivity of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Electrical conductivity of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6 as a function of annealing conditions</caption>]]</figure> <figure id="fig:Hardness of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6"> [[File:Hardness of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Hardness of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6 as a function of annealing conditions</caption>]]</figure> <figure id="fig:Electrical conductivity and hardness of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6"> [[File:Electrical conductivity and hardness of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Electrical conductivity and hardness of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6 after cold working</caption>]]</figure></div><div class="clear"></div> 

Fig. <figtable id="tab:Physical Properties of Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys"><caption>'''<!--Table 5.3319: Softening of precipitation-hardened and subsequently cold worked CuCr1 after 4hrs annealing[[File:Softening of precipitation hardened and subsequently cold worked CuCr1.jpg|right|thumb|Softening ->Physical Properties of precipitation-hardened and subsequently cold worked CuCr1 after 4hrs annealing]]Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys'''</caption>

Fig. 5.34 a{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"|-!Material<br />Designation<br />EN UNS !Composition<br />[wt%]!Density<br />[g/cm³]!colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Electrical conductivity <br />Conductivity !Electrical<br />Resistivity<br />[μΩ·cm]!Thermal<br />Conductivity<br />[W/(m·K)]!Coeff. of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.Linear<br />Thermal<br />Expansion<br />[10^{-6 as a function}/K]!Modulus of annealing conditions<br />Elasticity<br />[GPa]!Softening Temperature<br />(approx. 10% loss in<br />strength)<br />[°C]!Melting<br />Temp Range<br />[File:Electrical conductivity of precipitation hardened °C]|-!!!![MS/m] ![% IACS]!!!!!!|-|CuCr |Cr 0.3 - 1.2<br />Cu Rest|8.89|26^a<br />48^b|45^a<br />83^b|3.8^a<br />2.1^b|170^a<br />315^b|17|112|ca. 450|980 - 1080|-|CuZr|Zr 0.1 - 0.63<br />Cu Rest|8.9|35^a<br />52^b|60^a<br />90^b|2.9^a<br />1.9^b|340^a|16|135|ca. 500|1020 - 1080|-|CuCr1Zr<br />CW106C<br />C18150|Cr 0.5 - 1.2<br />Zr 0.03 - 0.3<br />Cu Rest|8.jpg92|right20^a<br />43^b|thumb34^a<br />74^b|Electrical conductivity of precipitation hardened CuCr 5.0^a<br />2.6 as 3^b|170^a<br />310 - 330^b|16|110^{a function of annealing conditions]]}<br />130^b|ca. 500|1070 - 1080|}</figtable>

Fig. 5.34 b: Hardness of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6 as ^{a function of annealing conditions}solution annealed, and cold rolled<br /> [[File:Hardness of ^bsolution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6.jpg|right|thumb|Hardness of precipitation hardened CuCr 0.6 as a function of annealing conditions]]<br />

<figtable id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys"><caption>'''<!--Table 5.1920: Physical -->Mechanical Properties of Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys''' (2 Teile!)</caption>

<table border="1" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tr><td><p class="s16">Material</p></td><td><p class="s16">Hardness</p><p class="s16">Condi!-- tion</p></td><td><p class="s16">Tensile</p><p class="s16">Strength R<span class="s18">m</span></p><p class="s16">[MPa]</p></td><td><p class="s16">0,5.1.6.2.2% Yield</p--><p class="s16">Strength R<span class="s18">p02</span></p><p class="s16">[MPa]</p></td><td><p class="s16">Elongation</p><p class="s16">A50</p><p class="s16">[%]</p></td><td><p classCopper-Zirconium Alloys="s16">Vickers</p><p class="s16">Hardness</p><p class="s16">HV</p></td><td><p class="s16">Spring Bending</p><p class="s16">Limit <span class="s19">F</span><span class="s18">FB </span>[MPa]</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s16">CuCr</p></td><td><p class="s16">R 230<span class="s18">a</span></p><p class="s16">R 400<span class="s18">a </span>R 450<span class="s18">b </span>R 550<span class="s18">b</span></p></td><td><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 230</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 400</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 450</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 550</span></p></td><td><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 80</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 295</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 325</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 440</span></p></td><td><p class="s16">30</p><p class="s16">10</p><p class="s16">10</p><p class="s16">8</p></td><td><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 55</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 120</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 130</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 150</span></p></td><td><p class="s16">350</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s16">CuZr</p></td><td><p class="s16">R 260<span class="s18">a</span></p><p class="s16">R 370<span class="s18">a </span>R 400<span class="s18">b </span>R 420<span class="s18">b</span></p></td><td><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 260</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 370</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 400</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 420</span></p></td><td><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 100</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 270</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 280</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 400</span></p></td><td><p class="s16">35</p><p class="s16">12</p><p class="s16">12</p><p class="s16">10</p></td><td><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 55</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 100</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 105</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 115</span></p></td><td><p class="s16">280</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s16">CuCr1Zr</p></td><td><p class="s16">R 200<span class="s18">a</span></p><p class="s16">R 400<span class="s18">b</span></p><p class="s16">R 450<span class="s18">b</span></p></td><td><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 200</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 400</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 450</span></p></td><td><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 60</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 210</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 360</span></p></td><td><p class="s16">30</p><p class="s16">12</p><p class="s16">10</p></td><td><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 70</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 140</span></p><p class="s33">&gt;<span class="s16"> 155</span></p></td><td><p class="s16">420</p></td></tr></table>

The solubility of Zirconium in copper is 0.15 wt% Zr at the eutectic temperature of 980°C <xr id====="fig:Copper corner of the copper zirconium for up to 0.5-wt zirconium"/><!--(Fig.15.636)-->.2Copper-zirconium materials have a similar properties spectrum compared to the one for copper-chromium materials.2 CopperAt room temperature the mechanical properties of copper-Zirconium Alloys=====zirconium are less suitable than those of copper chromium, its temperature stability is however at least the same.

The solubility of Zirconium in copper is 0=====<!--5.15 wt% Zr at the eutectic temperature of 980°C ''(Fig1. 56.36)''2. 3-->Copper-zirconium materials have a similar properties spectrum compared to the one for copperChromium-chromium materials. At room temperature the mechanical properties of copper-zirconium are less suitable than those of copper chromium, its temperature stability is however at least the same.Zirconium Alloys=====

The earlier used CuCr and CuZr materials have been partially replaced over the years by the capitation hardening three materials alloy CuCr1Zr. This material exhibits high mechanical strength at elevated temperatures and good oxidation resistance as well as high softening temperatures. In its hardened condition CuCr1Zr has also a high electrical conductivity <xr id====="fig:Softening of CuCr1Zr after 1hr annealing"/><!--(Bild 5.137)-->.6Their usage extends from mechanically and thermally highly stressed parts such as contact tulips in high voltage switchgear to electrodes for resistance welding.2.3 Copper-Chromium-Zirconium Alloys=====

The earlier used CuCr and CuZr materials have been partially replaced over <xr id="fig:Copper corner of the years by the capitation hardening three materials alloy CuCr1Zrcopper zirconium for up to 0. This material exhibits high mechanical strength at elevated temperatures and good oxidation resistance as well as high softening temperatures5-wt zirconium"/><!--Fig. In its hardened condition CuCr1Zr has also a high electrical conductivity (Bild 5.37). Their usage extends from mechanically and thermally highly stressed parts such as contact tulips in high voltage switchgear 36:--> Copper corner of the copper- zirconium for up to electrodes for resistance welding0.5 wt% zirconium

<xr id="fig:Softening of CuCr1Zr after 1hr annealing"/><!--Fig. 5.3637:--> Softening of CuCr1Zr after 1 hr annealing and after 90% cold working <div class="multiple-images"><figure id="fig: Copper corner of the copperzirconium copper zirconium for up to 0.5 -wt% zirconium">

Fig. 5.37<figure id="fig: Softening of CuCr1Zr after 1 hr 1hr annealing and after 90% cold working">