Changes

<onlyinclude>The following tables list the physical properties of the most technically significant pure metals as well as carbon. The values given may vary considerably , depending on the degree of purity and sometimes they are also difficult to determine. In compiling the data from the available literature , we selected those that are currently the most probable. Some properties are anisotropic and vary with the crystalline structure of the metal.</onlyinclude> In those cases, whenever possible, we listed the value applicable to the poly-crystalline stage. <br>

<figtable id="tab:Mechanical Properties of the Most Important Metals"><caption>'''Tab. Mechanical Properties of the Most Important Metals'''</caption>

!Density [[#text-reference|<sup>1<xr id="def:temp1"/sup>1)]]

Elasticity [[#text-reference|<sup>1<xr id="enq:temp"/sup>1)]][GPa]

!Transvers ContractionCoefficContraction Coeffic.

<equation div id="temptext-reference">₁₎ at 20°C</equationdiv></figtable><br/><br/><figtable id="tab:Atomic properties of the most important metals"><caption>'''Atomic properties of the most important metals'''</caption> {| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"|-!Element/Metal!Chemical<br/>Symbol!Atomic Number!Atomic Weight!Crystal Structure [[#text-reference1|¹]]!Lattic Parameters [[#text-reference1|¹]]<br />a or b [[#text-reference2|²]]<br />[10¹⁰m]!Lattic Parameters [[#text-reference1|¹]]<br />a or b [[#text-reference2|²]]<br />[10^-10m]!Work Function<br />[eV]!Ionization Potential<br/>[eV]|-|Aluminum|Al|13|26,98|foc|4,049||4,08 - 4,3|5,98|-|Antimony|Sb|51|121,75|rhl|4,507||4,1|8,64|-|Beryllium|Be|4|9,01|hcp|2,286|3,584|3,2 - 3,9|9,32|-|Lead|Pb|87|207,19|fcc|4,949||4,0 - 4,1|7,42|-|Cadmium|Cd|48|112,40|hcp|2,979|5,617|3,7 - 4,1|8,99|-|Chromium|Cr|24|52,00|bcc|2,884||4,4 - 4,7|6,76|-|Iron|Fe|26|55,85|bcc|2,866||4,1 - 4,5|7,9|-|Gallium|Ga|31|69,72|ort|4,524|7,661|3,8 - 4,1|6,0|-|Gold|Au|79|196,97|fcc|4,078||4,3 - 5,1|9,22|-|Indium|In|49|114,82|tet|4,594|4,951|4,0|5,79|-|Iridium|Ir|77|192,20|fcc|3,839||4,6 - 5,3|9,1|-|Cobalt|Co|27|58,93|hcp|2,507|4,069|4,4 - 4,6|7,86|-|Carbon (Graphite)|C|6|12,01|hcp-layered lattic[[#text-reference3|³]]|2,456|6,696|4,8|11,27|-|Copper|Cu|29|63,54|fcc|3,615||4,4|7,72|-|Magnesium|Mg|12|24,31|hcp|3,209|5,210|3,7|7,64|-|Manganese|Mn|25|54,94|complex cubic|8,912||3,8 - 4,1|6,0|-|Molybdenum|Mo|42|95,94|bcc|3,147||4,1 - 4,5|7,18|-|Nickel|Ni|28|58,71|fcc|3,524||5,0 - 5,2|7,63|-|Niobium|Nb|41|92,91|bcc|3,301||4,0|6,77|-|Osmium|Os|76|190,23|hcp|2,734|4,320|4,5|8,7|-|Palladium|Pd|46|106,40|fcc|3,890||4,5 - 5,0|8,34|-|Platinum|Pt|78|195,09|fcc|3,931||4,1 - 5,5|9,0|-|Mercury|Hg|80|200,59|rhl[[#text-reference4|⁴]]|3,061[[#text-reference4|⁴]]||4,5|10,44|-|Rhenium|Re|75|186,20|hcp|2,760|4,458|4,7 - 5,0|7,8|-|Rhodium|Rh|45|102,91|fcc|3,804||4,6 - 4,9|7,46|-|Ruthenium|Ru|44|101,07|hcp|2,704|4,281|4,5|7,37|-|Silver|Ag|47|107,87|fcc|4,086||4,3|7,57|-|Tantalum|Ta|73|180,95|bcc|3,303||4,0 - 4,2|7,89|-|Titanium|Ti|2|47,90|hcp|2,950|4,683|4,0 - 4,4|6,83|-|Vanadium|V|23|50,94|bcc|3,039||3,8 - 4,2|6,71|-|Bismuth|Bi|83|208,98|rhl|4,746||4,1 - 4,5|8,0|-|Tungsten|W|74|183,85|bcc|3,158||4,3 - 5,0|7,98|-|Zinc|Zn|30|65,37|hcp|2,665|4,947|3,1 - 4,3|9,39|-|Tin|Sn|50|118,69|tet|5,831|3,181|3,6 - 4,1|7,33|-|Zirconium|Zr|40|91,22|hcp|3,231|5,148|3,7 - 4,3|6,92|-|}<definition div id="temp1text-reference1">₁₎ at 20°C</definition div><div id="text-reference2">₂ for rhombohedral crystals, the rhombohedra angle α is given in angle degrees and minutes; for orthorhombic crystals the parameter β is shown in m x 10^-10</div><div id="text-reference3">₃ α-crystal</div><div id="text-reference4">₄ at -50°C</div></figtable>fcc = cubic face cenered // bcc = cubic body centered // hcp = hexagonal dense spherical ort = orthorhombic // tet = tetragonal // rhl = rhombohedral <br/><br/><figtable id="tab:Thermal properties of the most important metals"><caption>'''Thermal properties of the most important metals'''</caption>

Tab. Atomic Properties {| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"|-!Element/Metal!Specific Heat [[#text-reference5|¹]]<br/>[kJ/(K*kg)]!Softening<br/>Temperature<br/>[°C]!Melting Point<br/>[°C]!Heat of the Most Important MetalsFusion<br/>[kJ/kg]!Vapor Pressure<br/>at Melting Point<br/>[Pa]!Boiling Point<br/>[°C]!Heat of Vaporizing<br />[kJ/g]!Thermal<br/>Conductivity<br/>[W/(m*K)]!Linear Expansion<br/>Coefficient[[#text-reference6|²]]<br />[10^-6m/K]!Volume Change at<br/>Solidification<br/>[%]|-|Aluminum|0,900|150|660|398|2,5x10^-6|2467|10,47|237|23,6| -6,5|-|Antimony|0,210||630|163|2,5x10^-9|1587|1,97|24,3|10,5| +9,5|-|Beryllium|1,824||1277|1090|4,3|2477||200|12,3||-|Lead|0,130|200|327|25|4,21x10^-7|1750|24,70|35,3|29,3| -3,5|-|Cadmium|0,230||321|54|14,8|767|0,88|96,8|41,0| -4,0|-|Chromium|0,450||1857|314|990|2672|5,86|93,7|6,2||-|Iron|0,444|500|1537|268|7,05|2750|80,2|12,2| -3,0||-|Gallium|0,370||29,8|80,4|9,6x10^-36|2204|3,90|40,6|18,0| +3,0|-|Gold|0,128|100|1064|63|2,4x10^-3|3080|1,55|317|14,3| -5,1|-|Indium|0,233||157|28,5|1,5x10^-17|2072|1,97|81,6|| -2,5|-|Iridium|0,130||2410|144|1,5|4130|3,31|147|6,5||-|Cobalt|0,420||1495|260|175|2927|6,66|100|13,8||-|Carbon (Graphite)|0,720|||||3825 sublimiert|119 - 165|155|||-|Copper|0,385|190|1084|205|5,2x10^-2|2567|4,77|401|16,5| -4,2|-|Magnesium|1,020||650|373|361|1107|5,44|156|26,0| -4,1|-|Manganese|0,480||1244|264|121|1962|4,10|7,8|23,0| -1,7|-|Molybdenum|0,250|900|2623|292|3,6|4639|5,61|138|5,2||-|Nickel|0,440|520|1453|301|237|2913|6,45|90,7|13,0| -2,5|-|Niobium|0,272||2477|289|7,9x10^-2|4744|7,79|53,7|7,3||-|Osmium|0,130||3045|141|2,52|5012|3,81|87,6|6,5||-|Palladium|0,244||1554|143|1,33|2970|3,48|71,8|11,1| -5,5|-|Platinum|0,130|540|1772|113|3,2x10^-2|3827|2,62|71,6|9,0| -6,0|-|Mercury|0,140|| -38,9|11,7|3,1x10^-4|357|0,29|8,34|60,8| -3,7|-|Rhenium|0,137||3186|178|3,24|5596|3,42|72|6,7||-|Rhodium|0,242||1966|211|6,36x10^-1|3695|5,19|150|8,5| -10,8|-|Ruthenium|0,238||2310|252|1,4|4150|6,62|117|9,5||-|Silver|0,232|180|961,9|105|3,4x10^-1|2212|2,39|429|19,5| -3,8|-|Tantalum|0,140|850|3017|157|7,86x10^-1|5448|4,32|57,5|6,5||-|Titanium|0,520||1668|403|4,9x10^-1|2830|8,80|21,9|10,8||-|Vanadium|0,490||1902|330|3,06|3287|10,3|30,7|8,3||-|Bismuth|0,122||271|54|6,5x10^-4|1564|1,43|7,87|14,0| -0,33|-|Tungsten|0,138|1000|3422|193|4,27|5555|3,98|174|4,5||-|Zinc|0,385|170|420|100|3,06|907|1,76|116|36,0| -4,7|-|Tin|0,228|100|222|59|6x10^-21|2602|1,95|66,6|26,7| -2,8|-|Zirconium|0,281||1852|224|1,7x10^-3|4409|4,6|22,7|5,9||-|}<div id="text-reference5">₁ at 20°C</div><div id="text-reference6">₂ between 20°C and 100°C</div></figtable><br/><br/><figtable id="tab:Elektrische Eigenschaften der wichtigsten Metalle"><caption>'''Elektrische Eigenschaften der wichtigsten Metalle'''</caption>

Tab{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"|-!Element/Metal!Electrical Resistivity [[#text-reference7|¹]]<br/>[Ω*mm²/m]!Electrical Conductivity[[#text-reference7|¹]]<br/>[MS/m]!Temperatur Coeff. Thermal Properties <br/>of Electrical<br/>Resistance[[#text-reference8|²]]<br/>[10^-3/K]!Absolute thermal<br/>e.m.f.[[#text-reference9|³]]<br/>[µV/K]!Critical<br/>Superconductor<br/>Temperatur<br/>[K]!Softening<br/>Voltage<br/>(measured)<br/>[V]!Melting<br/>Voltage<br/>(measured)<br/>[V]!Melting<br/>Voltage<br/>(calculated)[[#text-reference10|⁴]]<br/>[V]!Minimum Arc<br/>Voltage<br/>[V]!Minimum Arc<br/>Current<br/>[A]|-|Aluminum|2,65|37,7|4,6| -1,6|1,18|0,1|0,3|0,29|11,2|0,4|-|Antimony|38,6|2,6|5,4| +20,6 - +46,8||0,2||0,28|10,5||-|Beryllium|4,2|23,8|10,0| -3,3|0,026|||0,48|||-|Lead|19,2|5,2|4,2| -1,2|7,196||0,19|0,17|11,5|0,1|-|Cadmium|7,50|13,30|4,3| -0,1 - +3,6|0,52|0,12||0,17|12|0,4|-|Chromium|14,95|6,7|3,0| +14,0|3,0|||0,67|16|0,45|-|Iron|9,72|10,3|6,6| +16,0||0,19|0,6|0,54|11,5||-|Gallium|43,2|2,3|4,0||1,08|||0,04||0,35|-|Gold|2,35|42,6|4,0| +1,7||0,08|0,43|0,42|15||-|Indium|8,37|11,94|4,9||3,41|||0,11|||-|Iridium|5,31|18,83|4,1| +1,5|0,11|||0,86|11,5||-|Cobalt|6,24|16,0|6,6| -18,5||||0,54||0,01 - 0,02|-|Carbon (Graphite)|30,0|3,33|||||||20|0,4|-|Copper|1,67|59,9|4,3| +1,7||0,12|0,43|0,42|12 - 13||-|Magnesium|4,42|22,62|4,2| +3,4||||0,28|||-|Manganese|185,0|0,54|0,5|||||0,47||0,75|-|Molybdenum|5,20|19,2|4,7| +5,9|0,92|0,3|0,75|0,91|12|0,4 -0,5|-|Nickel|6,85|14,6|6,8| -18,9||0,16|0,65|0,54|14||-|Niobium|13,1|7,6|3,4| -0,5|9,2|||0,778|||-|Osmium|8,12|12,31|4,2||0,66|||1,04||0,8 -0,9|-|Palladium|10,82|9,24|3,8| -0,9|3,3||0,57|0,57|15 - 16|0,8 -1,0|-|Platinum|10,54|9,58|3,9| -4,4|0,0019|0,25|0,71|0,64|17||-|Mercury|94,9|1,14|1,0| +8,5|4,15|||||0,35|-|Rhenium|19,3|5,2|4,6||1,7|||1,09|||-|Rhodium|4,51|22,2|4,4| +1,7|0,000325|||0,70|14||-|Ruthenium|7,62|13,12|4,6| -18,0|0,49|||0,81||0,4|-|Silver|1,59|62,9|4,3| +1,4||0,09|0,37|0,38|12||-|Tantalum|12,4|8,1|3,5| -2,3|4,47|0,3||1,03|12||-|Titanium|43,5|2,3|5,5| +7,3|0,4|||0,61|||-|Vanadium|26,0|3,8|3,9| +1,0|5,3|||0,68|||-|Bismuth|12,1|8,36|4,5| -53 - -110||||0,15|||-|Tungsten|5,65|17,7|4,8| +0,8|0,0154|1,1|1,16|1,16||0,8 - 1,2|-|Zinc|5,92|16,9|4,2| +0,4 - +2,3|0,85|0,17|0,2|0,20|15 - 16|0,1|-|Tin|11,0|9,09|4,6| -0,6 - -1,5|3,72|0,13|0,14|0,14|11||-|Zirconium|43,5|2,3|4,4| +9,5|0,55||0,67|0,67|12,5||-|}<div id="text-reference7">₁ at 20°C</div><div id="text-reference8">₂ near room temperature</div><div id="text-reference9">₃ near room temperature, however values for metals with non-cubic structure can vary widely</div><div id="text-reference10">₄ Calculated according to U_Melt = [4L * (T²_Melt - T²₀)]^1/2 mit U_Melt= Melting Voltage, L = Lorenz Constant (2,45x10^-8[V/K], T_Melt= Melting Temperature, T₀= Temperature at a point distant from the Most Important Metalsconstriction spot</div></figtable>

[[Categoryde:Metal Powders|Category]][[Category:Thermal conductivity|CategoryPhysikalische_Eigenschaften_der_wichtigsten_Metalle]]