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====<!--5.1.5.1 -->Copper-Nickel Alloys====

Copper and nickel are in their solid and liquid phase completely soluble in each other (<xr id="fig:Phase diagram of copperPhase_diagram_of_copper-nickel_for_the_range_of_0-nickel for the range of 0 – 50 wt% nickel50_wt_nickel"/> <!--(Fig. 5.21)-->). Because of their very low electrical conductivity , they are mainly used as resistance alloys (<xr id="fig:Electrical conductivity of copperElectrical_conductivity_of_copper-nickel alloys as a function of nickel contentnickel_alloys_as_a_function_of_nickel_content"/> <!--(Fig. 5.22)-->). The work hardening and softening behavior of CuNi alloys and CuNi9Sn2 are shown in [[#figures6|(Figs. 43 3 – 757)]]<!--(Figs. 5.23 – 5.27)-->. Coppernickel alloys exhibit high corrosion resistance, good weldabilty, and the suitability for cladding to other materials. Because of these and their other properties (Tables <xr id="tab:Physical_ Properties_of_Selected_Copper_Nickel_Alloys"/><!--(Tab. 5.15 )--> and <xr id="tab:Mechanical_Properties_of_Selected_Copper_Nickel_Alloys"/><!--(Tab. 5.16)-->) they are, with and without additives of iron or manganese, widely used as good weldable backing layers on weld buttons and weld profiles (weld tapes).

====<!--5.1.5.2 -->Copper-Nickel-Tin Alloys====

Copper-Nickel- multi component alloys with 9 wt% Ni and 2 wt% Sn are used mainly as connector materials because of their suitable mechanical properties, their excellent relaxation behavior, and their high corrosion resistance. Other advantages include their high temperature stability and the good solderability , even after longer storage. They are also used as base materials for clad profiles and tapes.

<div class="multiple-images"> <figure id="fig:Phase diagram of copperPhase_diagram_of_copper-nickel_for_the_range_of_0-nickel for the range of 0 – 50 wt% nickel50_wt_nickel">Fig. 5.21: Phase diagram of copper-nickel for the range of 0 – 50 wt% nickel[[File:Phase diagram of copper nickel.jpg|rightleft|thumb|<caption>Phase diagram of copper-nickel for the range of 0 – 50 wt% nickel</caption>]]

<figure id="fig:Electrical conductivity of copperElectrical_conductivity_of_copper-nickel alloys as a function of nickel contentnickel_alloys_as_a_function_of_nickel_content">Fig. 5.22: Electrical conductivity of copper-nickel alloys as a function of nickel content[[File:Electrical conductivity of copper nickel alloys.jpg|rightleft|thumb|<caption>Electrical conductivity of copper-nickel alloys as a function of nickel content</caption>]]

2 Teile<figtable id="tab:Physical_ Properties_of_Selected_Copper_Nickel_Alloys"><caption>'''<!--Table 5.15:-->Physical Properties of Selected Copper-Nickel Alloys'''</caption>

'''Table {| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"|-!Material<br />Designation<br />EN UNS !Composition<br />[wt%]!Density<br />[g/cm³]!colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|Electrical<br />Conductivity !Electrical<br />Resistivity<br />[μΩ·cm]!Thermal<br />Conductivity<br />[W/(m·K)]!Coeff. of Linear<br />Thermal<br />Expansion<br />[10^-6/K]!Modulus of<br />Elasticity<br />[GPa]!Softening Temperature<br />(approx. 10% loss in<br />strength)<br />[°C]!Melting<br />Temp Range<br />[°C]|-!!!![MS/m] ![% IACS]!!!!!!|-|CuNi25<br />CW350H<br />C71300|Ni 24 - 26<br />Mn 0.5<br />Zn 0.5<br />Fe 0.3<br />Cu Rest|8.94|3.0|5.2|33.3|29|15.5|147|ca. 500|1150 - 1210|-|CuNi9Sn2<br />CW351H<br />C72500|Ni 8.5 - 10.5<br />Sn 1.8 - 2.8<br />Mn 0.3<br />Fe 0.3<br />Cu Rest|8.89|6.4|11|15.6|50|16: Mechanical Properties of Selected Copper.5|140|ca. 480|1060 - 1120|-|CuNi10Fe1Mn<br />CW352H<br />C70600|Ni 9.0 - 11.0<br />Fe 1.0 - 2.0<br />Mn 0.5 - 1.0<br />Zn 0.5<br />Cu Rest|8.92|5.6|9|17.9|50|16.5|134|||-|CuNi30Mn1Fe<br />CW354H<br />C71500|Ni 30 - 32<br />Mn 0.5 - 1.5<br />Fe 0.4 - 1.0<br />Zn 0.5<br />Cu Rest|8.93|2.6|4|38.5|29|15.5|152||1180 -Nickel Alloys''' 1240|}</figtable>

<xr figtable id="figtab:Strain hardening of copper-nickel alloys as a function of nickel contentMechanical_Properties_of_Selected_Copper_Nickel_Alloys"/> Fig. <caption>'''<!--Table 5.2316: Strain hardening -->Mechanical Properties of copperSelected Copper-nickel alloys as a function of nickel contentNickel Alloys'''</caption>

<xr id{| class="twocolortable" style="figtext-align:Strain hardening of left; font-size: 12px"|-!Material!Hardness<br />Condition!Tensile Strength R_m<br />[MPa]!0,2% Yield Strength<br />R_p02<br />[MPa]!Elongation<br />A₅₀<br />[%]!Vickers<br />Hardness<br />HV!Bend Radius¹⁾<br />perpendicular to<br />rolling direction!Bend Radius¹⁾<br />parallel to<br />rolling direction!Spring Bending<br />Limit σ_FB<br />[MPa]!Spring Fatigue<br />Limit σ_BW<br />[MPa]|-|CuNi25 by cold working"|R 290|&ge; 290|100|30|70 - 100|||||-|CuNi9Sn2|R 340<br />R 380<br />R 450<br />R 500<br />R 560|340 - 410<br />380 - 470<br />450 - 530<br />500 - 580<br />560 - 650|&le; 250<br />&ge; 200<br />&ge; 370<br />&ge; 450<br />&ge; 520|20<br />8<br />4<br />2|75 - 110<br />100 - 150<br />140 - 170<br />160 - 190<br />180 - 210|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />2 x t|520|250|-|CuNi10Fe1Mn|R 300<br />R 320|&ge; 300<br />&ge; 320|&le; 100<br />&le; 200|20|70 - 120<br />&ge; 100|||||-|CuNi30Mn1Fe|R 350<br />R 410|350 - 420<br />&ge; 410|&le; 120<br />&le; 300|35|80 - 120<br />&ge; 110|||||}</figtable>¹⁾ Figt: Strip thickness max. 0. 5.24: Strain hardening of CuNi25 by cold workingmm

<xr id="fig:Softening of CuNi25 after 1 hr annealing after 50% cold working"/> Fig. 5.25: Softening of CuNi25 after 1 hr annealing after 50% cold working <xr div id="fig:Strain hardening of CuNi9Sn2 by cold working (Wieland)figures6"/> Fig. 5.26: Strain hardening of CuNi9Sn2 by cold working (Wieland) <xr id="fig:Softening of CuNi9Sn2 after 1 hr annealing after 60% cold working (Wieland)"/> Fig. 5.27: Softening of CuNi9Sn2 after 1 hr annealing after 60% cold working (Wieland) <div class="multiple-images">

[[File:Strain hardening of copper nickel alloys as function.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of copper-nickel alloys as a function of nickel content</caption>]]