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German translation
<sup>1)</sup> t: Banddicke max 0,5 mm
<xr id="fig:Softening of CuZn36 50"/><!--Fig. 5.9:--> Softening of Erweichungsverhalten von CuZn36 after 3 hrs annealing after nach 3h Glühdauer und einer Kaltumformung von 50% cold working)
<xr id="fig:Phase diagram of the Cu-Sn system for the range of 0 – 30 wt% Sn"/><!--Fig. 5.10:--> Phase diagram of the CuZustandsdiagramm Kupfer-Sn system for the range of Zinn für den Bereich 0 – bis 30 wtMassen-% Sn)Zinn
<xr id="fig:Mechanical properties of tin bronze depending on the tin content (cold working 0 and 50%)"/><!--Fig. 5.11:--> Mechanical properties of tin bronze depending on the tin content Festigkeitseigenschaften von Zinnbronze in Abhängigkeit vom Zinngehalt(cold working Kaltumformung 0 and und 50%)
<xr id="fig:Strain hardening of CuSn8 by cold working"/><!--Fig. 5.12:--> Strain hardening of Verfestigungsverhalten von CuSn8 by cold workingdurch Kaltumformung
<xr id="fig:Softening of CuSn8 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working"/><!--Fig. 5.13:--> Softening of Erweichungsverhalten von CuSn8 after 3 hrs annealing after nach 3h Glühdauer und einer Kaltumformung von 50% cold working
<div class="multiple-images">
<figure id="fig:Softening of CuZn36 50">
[[File:Softening of CuZn36 50.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of Erweichungsverhalten von CuZn36 after 3 hrs annealing after nach 3h Glühdauer und einer Kaltumformung von 50% cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Phase diagram of the Cu-Sn system for the range of 0 – 30 wt% Sn">
[[File:Phase diagram of the Cu Sn system.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Phase diagram of the CuZustandsdiagramm Kupfer-Sn system for the range of Zinn für den Bereich 0 – bis 30 wtMassen-% SnZinn</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Mechanical properties of tin bronze depending on the tin content (cold working 0 and 50%)">
[[File:Mechanical properties of tin bronze depending on the tin content.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Mechanical properties of tin bronze depending on the tin content Festigkeitseigenschaften von Zinnbronze in Abhängigkeit vom Zinngehalt(cold working Kaltumformung 0 and und 50%)</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of CuSn8 by cold working">
[[File:Strain hardening of CuSn8 by cold working.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of Verfestigungsverhalten von CuSn8 by cold workingdurch Kaltumformung</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Softening of CuSn8 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working">
[[File:Softening of CuSn8 50.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of Erweichungsverhalten von CuSn8 after 3 hrs annealing after nach 3h Glühdauer und einer Kaltumformung von 50% cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
</div>
<div class="clear"></div>
====<!--5.1.4.3-->CopperKupfer-Nickel-Zinc Alloys Zink-Legierungen (German SilverNeusilber)====
Despite its lower electrical conductivity, the good spring properties, high corrosion resistance, and the good workability make copper-nickel-zinc alloys a frequently used spring contact carrier in switches and relays. As illustrated in the phase diagram the most commonly used materials are in the α -range which means that they are single-phase alloys <xr id="fig:Copper rich region of the ternary copper-nickel-zinc phase diagram with indication of the more commonly available german silver materials"/><!--(Fig. 5.14)-->. The formability and strength properties of german silver are comparable to those of the copper-tin alloys. The work hardening and softening behavior is illustrated on the example of CuNi12Zn24 in <xr id="fig:Strain hardening of CuNi12Zn24 by cold working"/><!--Figures 5.15--> and <xr id="fig:Softening of CuNi12Zn24 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working"/><!--5.16-->.
<figtable id="tab:tab5.11">
<caption>'''<!--Table 5.11:-->Physical Properties of CopperPhysikalische Eigenschaften von Kupfer-Nickel-Zinc AlloysZink-Legierungen'''</caption>
{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!MaterialWerkstoff<br />DesignationBezeichnung<br />EN UNS !CompositionZusammensetzung<br />[wt%]!DensityDichte<br />[g/cm<sup>3</sup>]!colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|Electrical<br />ConductivityElektr. Leitfähigkeit!Electrical<br />Resistivity<br />Elektr. Widerstand[μΩ·cm]!Thermal<br />ConductivityWärmeleitfähigkeit<br />[W/(m·K)]!CoeffLin. Ausdehnungskoeff. of Linear<br />Thermal<br />Expansion<br />[10<sup>-6</sup>/K]!Modulus of<br />ElasticityE-Modul<br />[GPa]!Softening TemperatureErweichungstemperatur<br />(approxca. 10% loss in<br />strengthFestigkeitsabfall)<br />[°C]!Melting<br />Temp RangeSchmelzbereich<br />[°C]
|-
!
<figtable id="tab:tab5.12">
<caption>'''<!--Table 5.12:-->Mechanical Properties of CopperMechanische Eigenschaften von Kupfer-Nickel-Zinc AlloysZink-Legierungen'''</caption>
{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!MaterialWerkstoff!Hardness<br />ConditionZustand!Tensile Strength Zugfestigkeit R<sub>m</sub><br />[MPa]!0,2% Yield StrengthDehngrenze<br />R<sub>p02</sub><br />[MPa]!ElongationBruchdehnung<br />A<sub>50</sub><br />[%]!Vickers<br />HardnessVickershärte<br />HV!Bend RadiusBiegeradius<sup>1)</sup><br />perpendicular tomin senkrecht zur<br />rolling directionWalzrichtung!Bend RadiusBiegeradius<sup>1)</sup><br />min parallel tozur<br />rolling directionWalzrichtung!Spring Bending<br />Limit Federbiegegrenze σ<sub>FB</sub><br />[MPa]!Spring Fatigue<br />Limit Biegewechselfestigkeit σ<sub>BW</sub><br />[MPa]
|-
|CuNi12Zn24
|}
</figtable>
<sup>1)</sup> t: Strip thickness Banddicke max. 0.,5 mm <xr id="fig:Copper rich region of the ternary copper-nickel-zinc phase diagram with indication of the more commonly available german silver materials"/><!--Fig. 5.14:--> Copper rich region of the ternary copper-nickel-zinc phase diagram with indication of the more commonly available german silver materials
<xr id="fig:Strain hardening Copper rich region of CuNi12Zn24 by cold workingthe ternary copper-nickel-zinc phase diagram with indication of the more commonly available german silver materials"/><!--Fig. 5.1514:--> Strain hardening of CuNi12Zn24 by cold workingKupferecke des ternären Zustandsdiagramms Kupfer-Nickel-Zink mit Existenzbereich der handelsüblichen Neusilber-Legierungen
<xr id="fig:Softening Strain hardening of CuNi12Zn24 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% by cold working"/><!--Fig. 5.1615:--> Softening of Verfestigungsverhalten von CuNi12Zn24 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold workingdurch Kaltumformung
<xr id="fig:Softening of CuNi12Zn24 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working"/><!--Fig. 5.16:--> Erweichungsverhalten von CuNi12Zn24 nach 3h Glühdauer und einer Kaltumformung von 50%
<div class="multiple-images">
<figure id="fig:Copper rich region of the ternary copper-nickel-zinc phase diagram with indication of the more commonly available german silver materials">
[[File:Copper rich region of the termary copper nickel zinc phase diagram.jpg|right|thumb|Copper rich region of the ternary copperKupferecke des ternären Zustandsdiagramms Kupfer-nickelNickel-zinc phase diagram with indication of the more commonly available german silver materialsZink mit Existenzbereich der handelsüblichen Neusilber-Legierungen]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of CuNi12Zn24 by cold working">
[[File:Strain hardening of CuNi 12Zn24 by cold working.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of Verfestigungsverhalten von CuNi12Zn24 by cold workingdurch Kaltumformung</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Softening of CuNi12Zn24 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working">
[[File:Softening of CuNi12Zn24 50.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of Erweichungsverhalten von CuNi12Zn24 after 3 hrs annealing after nach 3h Glühdauer und einer Kaltumformung von 50% cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
</div>
<div class="clear"></div>
====<!--5.1.4.4-->CopperKupfer-SilverSilber-(Cadmium) Alloys -Legierungen (Silver BronzeSilberbronze)====
<figtable id="tab:tab5.13">
<caption>'''<!--Table 5.13:-->Physical Properties of Selected CopperPhysikalische Eigenschaften einiger Kupfer-SilverSilber-(Cadmium) Alloys-Legierungen'''</caption>
{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!MaterialWerkstoff<br />DesignationBezeichnung<br />EN UNS !CompositionZusammensetzung<br />[wt%]!DensityDichte<br />[g/cm<sup>3</sup>]!colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|Electrical<br />ConductivityElektr. Leitfähigkeit!Electrical<br />Resistivity<br />Elektr. Widerstand[μΩ·cm]!Thermal<br />ConductivityWärmeleitfähigkeit<br />[W/(m·K)]!CoeffLin. Ausdehnungskoeff. of Linear<br />Thermal<br />Expansion<br />[10<sup>-6</sup>/K]!Modulus of<br />ElasticityE-Modul<br />[GPa]!Softening TemperatureErweichungstemperatur<br />(approxca. 10% loss in<br />strengthFestigkeitsabfall)<br />[°C]!Melting<br />Temp RangeSchmelzbereich<br />[°C]
|-
!
!
|-
|CuAg2<br />not standardizednicht genormt<br />
|Ag 2<br />Cu Rest<br />
|9.0
|1050 - 1075
|-
|CuAg2Cd1,5<br />not standardizednicht genormt<br />
|Ag 2<br />Cd1,5<br />Cu Rest
|9.0
|970 - 1055
|-
|CuAg6<br />not standardizednicht genormt<br />
|Ag 6<br />Cu Rest
|9.2
<figtable id="tab:tab5.14">
<caption>'''<!--Table 5.14:-->Mechanical Properties of Selected CopperMechanische Eigenschaften einiger Kupfer-SilverSilber-(Cadmium) Alloys-Legierungen'''</caption>
{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!MaterialWerkstoff!Hardness<br />ConditionZustand!Tensile Strength Zugfestigkeit R<sub>m</sub><br />[MPa]!0,2% Yield StrengthDehngrenze<br />R<sub>p02</sub><br />[MPa]!ElongationBruchdehnung<br />A<sub>50</sub><br />[%]!Vickers<br />HardnessVickershärte<br />HV!Bend RadiusBiegeradius<sup>1)</sup><br />perpendicular tomin senkrecht zur<br />rolling directionWalzrichtung!Bend RadiusBiegeradius<sup>1)</sup><br />min parallel tozur<br />rolling directionWalzrichtung!Spring Bending<br />Limit Federbiegegrenze σ<sub>FB</sub><br />[MPa]!Spring Fatigue<br />Limit Biegewechselfestigkeit σ<sub>BW</sub><br />[MPa]
|-
|CuAg2
|}
</figtable>
<sup>1)</sup> t: Strip thickness Banddicke max. 0.,5 mm
<div id="figures5">
<xr id="fig:Phase diagram of copper-silver for the range of 0 – 40 wt% silver"/><!--Fig. 5.17:--> Phase diagram of copperZustandsdiag ramm Kupfer-silver for the range of Silber für den Bereich 0 – bis 40 wtMassen-% silverSilber
<xr id="fig:Strain hardening of CuAg2 by cold working"/><!--Fig. 5.18:--> Strain hardening of Verfestigungsverhalten von CuAg2 by cold workingdurch Kaltumformung
<xr id="fig:Softening of CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after 40% cold working"/><!--Fig. 5.19:--> Softening of Erweichungsverhalten von CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after nach 1h Glühdauer und einer Kaltumformung von 40% cold working
<xr id="fig:Softening of CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after 80% cold working"/><!--Fig. 5.20:--> Softening of Erweichungsverhalten von CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after nach 1h Glühdauer und einer Kaltumformung von 80% cold working
</div>
<figure id="fig:Phase diagram of copper-silver for the range of 0 – 40 wt% silver">
[[File:Phase diagram of copper silver.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Phase diagram of copperZustandsdiag ramm Kupfer-silver for the range of Silber für den Bereich 0 – bis 40 wtMassen-% silverSilber</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of CuAg2 by cold working">
[[File:Strain hardening of CuAg2 by cold working.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of Verfestigungsverhalten von CuAg2 by cold workingdurch Kaltumformung</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Softening of CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after 40% cold working">
[[File:Softening of CuAg2 40.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of Erweichungsverhalten von CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after nach 1h Glühdauer und einer Kaltumformung von 40% cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Softening of CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after 80% cold working">
[[File:Softening of CuAg2 80.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of Erweichungsverhalten von CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after nach 1h Glühdauer und einer Kaltumformung von 80% cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
</div>
