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The group of single contacts includes contact rivets, contact tips, and formed parts such as weld buttons. Contact spheres (or balls) are today rarely used because of economical considerations.
===Contact Rivets===
====Solid Contact Rivets====
Solid contact rivets are the oldest utilized contact parts. Their manufacturing requires a ductile contact material and is done without scrap on fully automated special cold heading machines. A wire slug is cut off and the rivet head is formed by pressing and hammering. This way contact rivets with various head configurations such as flat, domed, spherical, or pointed can be manufactured , depending on the final application and switch or relay design.<figure id="fig:Typical Contact Shapes of Solid Contact Rivets">[[File:Ty_pical_Contact_Shapes_of_Solid_Contact_Rivets.jpg|right|thumb|Typical Contact Shapes of Solid Contact Rivets]]</figure>*Typical Contact Shapes of Solid Contact Rivets (<xr id="fig:Typical Contact Shapes of Solid Contact RivetsTypical_Contact_Shapes_of_Solid_Contact_Rivets"/>)
*Contact Materials <br /> Au-, AgPd-, PdCu-Alloys, Ag, AgNi 0,15 (ARGODUR-Spezial), AgCu, AgCuNi (ARGODUR 27), Ag/Ni (SINIDUR), Ag/CdO (DODURIT CdO), Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub> SISTADOX), Ag/ZnO (DODURIT ZnO),Ag/C 97/3*, Cu<br /> <span class="small"><sup>*</sup> dimensionally very limited</span>
*Dimensional Ranges (<xr id="fig:Dimensional RangesDimensional_Ranges"/>) <br /> The respective parameters cannot be chosen independently of each other. They mainly depend on the ductility of the required contact material. Before a final decision on the dimensions we recommend to consult with the contact manufacturer. <br />*Quality criteria and tolerances (<xr id="fig:Qualitaetsmerkmale_und_Toleranzen"/>)<div class="multiple-images"><figure id="fig:Dimensional RangesTypical_Contact_Shapes_of_Solid_Contact_Rivets">[[File:Ty_pical_Contact_Shapes_of_Solid_Contact_Rivets.jpg|right|thumb|Figure 1: Typical Contact Shapes of Solid Contact Rivets]]</figure><figure id="fig:Dimensional_Ranges">[[File:Dimensional Ranges.jpg|right|thumb|Figure 2: Dimensional Ranges]]
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<table class="twocolortable" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tr><th><p class="s13">Characteristics</p></th><th><p class="s13">Form A Form B Form C</p><p class="s13">Rounded headf Trapeziodal Trapeziodal head, radiused head,flat</p></th><th><p class="s13">Suggested test equipment</p></th></tr><tr><td><p class="s13">a) Head diameter d<sub>1</sub> [mm]</p></td><td><p class="s13">d<span class="s14"><sub>1</sub></span><u><</u> 4 + 0,06 During optical measurement</p><p class="s13">d<span class="s14"><sub>1</sub></span>> 4 - 0,06 disregard corner</p><p class="s13">radius R<span class="s14"><sub>3</sub></span></p></td><td><p class="s13">Comparator,</p><p class="s13">Measuring microscope</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s13">b) Head thickness</p><p class="s13">k [mm]</p></td><td><p class="s13">d<span class="s14"><sub>1</sub></span><u><</u> 4 + 0,03</p><p class="s13">d<span class="s14"><sub>1</sub></span>> 4 + 0,08</p></td><td><p class="s13">Micrometer, Dial indicator</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s13">c) Shank diameter d<span class="s14"><sub>2</sub></span> [mm]</p></td><td><p class="s13">d<span class="s14"><sub>2</sub></span><u><</u> 2 - 0,06</p><p class="s13">d<span class="s14"><sub>2</sub></span>> 2 - 0,08</p></td><td><p class="s13">Micrometer</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s13">d) Shank length [mm]</p></td><td><p class="s13">+ 0,15</p></td><td><p class="s13">Micrometer, Dial</p><p class="s13">indicator, Comparator</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s13">e) Radius at center</p><p class="s13">of contact surface</p><p class="s13">R<span class="s14"><sub>1</sub></span> [mm]</p></td><td><p class="s13">Form A und B: Within the head thickness</p><p class="s13">tolerance</p><p class="s13">Form C: Allowable deviation from flatness: convex: within head thickness tolerance</p><p class="s13">concave: 0.005 d<span class="s14"><sub>1</sub></span></p></td><td><p class="s13">Comparator,</p><p class="s13">Comparator template, Radius gage</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s13">f) Radius at edge of contact surface R<span class="s14"><sub>2</sub></span> [mm]</p></td><td><p class="s13">Form A: Smooth transition to R<span class="s14"><sub>1</sub></span></p><p class="s13">Form B: 1.5 R<span class="s14"><sub>2</sub></span> allowed</p><p class="s13">Form C: <u><</u>0,1d<span class="s14"><sub>1</sub></span></p></td><td><p class="s13">Profile template,</p><p class="s13">Comparator, Radius gage</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s13">g) Radii</p><p class="s13">R<span class="s14"><sub>3 </sub></span>and R<span class="s14"><sub>5</sub></span> [mm]</p></td><td><p class="s13">Sligth rounding allowed</p></td><td><p class="s13">Comparator</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s13">h) Transition radius head underside to shank R<span class="s14"><sub>4</sub></span> [mm]</p></td><td><p class="s13">d<span class="s14"><sub>2</sub> </span><u><</u> 2 R<span class="s14"><sub>4</sub> </span><u><</u> 0,08 if covered by DIN 46240 pg.1 d<span class="s14"><sub>2</sub> </span>> 2 R<span class="s14"><sub>4</sub> </span><u><</u> 0,1</p><p class="s13">d<span class="s14"><sub>2</sub> </span>> 3 R<span class="s14"><sub>4</sub> </span><u><</u> 0,2</p></td><td><p class="s13">Comparator if in doubt: microsection</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s13">i) Allowed deviation</p><p class="s13">from cylindrical shape</p></td><td><p class="s13">max. 7° 30’: or d<span class="s14"><sub>2</sub> </span> <u><</u> l, l <u>></u> 0,7 mm and k <u><</u> 0,6 d<span class="s14"><sub>1</sub></span>.</p><p class="s13">max. 15°: for all other rivets</p></td><td><p class="s13">Comparator</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s13">k) Concentricity between head and shank center line [mm]</p></td><td><p class="s13">d<span class="s14"><sub>1</sub> </span><u><</u> 4 0,15</p><p class="s13">d<span class="s14"><sub>1</sub> </span>> 4 0,2</p><p class="s13">in general: approx. 70% of allowable deviation</p><p class="s13">per DIN 46240</p></td><td><p class="s13">Comparator, Special</p><p class="s13">turn fixture</p></td></tr></table>
==== Composite Contact Rivets====
Clad rivets , for which only a part of the head (composite or bimetal rivets) or also the shank end (tri-metal rivets) are composed of contact material – with the balance of the body mostly being copper – have replaced the solid rivet for many applications solid rivet versions because of economical considerations. The cost savings depend on the contact material and its required volume for a specific application. These composite rivets are also produced scrap-less from wire material on special machinery with two process variations utilized.
During ''cold bonding'' and the process of heading the bond between the contact material and the copper is achieved without external heat energy by high plastic deformation at the face surfaces of the two wire segments (<xr id="fig:Cold_bonding_of_bimetall_rivets"/> <!--(Fig. 3.1). <figure id="fig:Cold_bonding_of_bimetall_rivets"-->[[File:Cold_bonding_of_bimetall_rivets).jpg|right|thumb|Cold bonding of bimetall rivets (schematic)]]</figure> The bonding pressure must be high enough to move the lattice components of the two metals within a few atom radii , so that the adhesion forces between atoms become effective.
Therefore the head to shank diameter ratio of 2:1 must be closely met for a strong bond between the two metals.
During ''hot bonding'' the required heat energy is applied by a short term electrical current pulse (<xr id="fig:Hot_bonding_of_bimetal_rivets"/> <!--(Fig. 3.2). <figure id="fig:Hot_bonding_of_bimetal_rivets"-->[[File:Hot_bonding_of_bimetal_rivets).jpg|right|thumb|Hot bonding of bimetall rivets (schematic)]]</figure> In the case of Ag and Cu a molten eutectic alloy of silver and copper is formed in the constriction area between the two wire ends. When using metal oxide containing contact materials , the non-soluble oxide particles tend to coagulate and the bonding strength between the component materials is greatly reduced. Therefore the cold bonding technology is preferred for these contact materials. The during During cold bonding , the required high surface deformation ratio can be reduced for the hot bonding process which allows the head to shank diameter ratio to be reduced below 2:1.
For composite rivets with AgPd alloys , as well as alloys on the basis of Au, Pd, and Pt , the methods named above methods cannot be used because of the very different work hardening of these materials , compared to the base material copper. The starting material for such composite rivets is clad strip material , from which the contact rivets are formed in multiple steps of press-forming and stamping. Similar processes are used for larger contact rivets with head diameters > 8 mm and Ag-based contact materials.
*Typical contact shapes for composite rivets (<xr id="fig:Typical_contact_shapes_for_composite_rivets"/>)
*Base materials <br /> Cu <br />
*Dimensional ranges (<xr id="fig:Dimensional_ranges"/>) <br />These parameters cannot be chosen independently of each other. They depend mainly on the mechanical properties of the contact material. Before specifying the final dimensions we recommend to consult with the contact manufacturer. <br />
*Quality criteria and tolerances (<xr id="fig:Quality_criteria_and_tolerances"/>)
<div class="multiple-images">
<figure id="fig:Cold_bonding_of_bimetall_rivets">
[[File:Cold_bonding_of_bimetall_rivets.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 4: Cold bonding of bimetall rivets (schematic)]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Hot_bonding_of_bimetal_rivets">
[[File:Hot_bonding_of_bimetal_rivets.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 5: Hot bonding of bimetall rivets (schematic)]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Typical_contact_shapes_for_composite_rivets">
[[File:Typical_contact_shapes_for_composite_rivets.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 6: Typical contact shapes for composite rivets]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Dimensional_ranges">
[[File:Dimensional_ranges.jpg|rightleft|thumb|Figure 7: Dimensional ranges]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Quality_criteria_and_tolerances">
[[File:Quality_criteria_and_tolerances.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 8: Quality criteria and tolerances]]
</figure>
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<table class="twocolortable">
*Typical contact shapes of tri-metal rivets (<xr id="fig:Typical_contact_shapes_of_tri-metal_rivets"/>)
*Base materials <br /> Cu <br />
*Dimensional ranges (<xr id="fig:Dimensional_ranges2"/>)
<div class="multiple-images">
<figure id="fig:Typical_contact_shapes_of_tri-metal_rivets">
[[File:Typical_contact_shapes_of_tri-metal_rivets.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 9: Typical contact shapes of tri-metal rivets]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Dimensional_ranges2">
[[File:Dimensional_ranges2.jpg|right|thumb|Figure 10: Dimensional ranges]]
</figure>
===Standard values for rivet dimension===
<table class="twocolortable" style="width:75%">
<tr><th>d<sub>1</sub></th><th><p class="s13">k</p></th><th><p class="s13">1</p></th><th><p class="s13">d<sub>2</sub></p></th><th><p class="s13">α</p></th><th><p class="s13">r<sub>1</sub></p></th><th><p class="s13">s<sub>1</sub></p></th><th><p class="s13">s<sub>2</sub></p></th></tr><tr><td><p class="s13">3.0</p></td><td><p class="s13">0.8</p></td><td><p class="s13">2.0</p></td><td><p class="s13">1.5</p></td><td><p class="s13">7.5°</p></td><td><p class="s13">4.0</p></td><td><p class="s13">0.4</p></td><td><p class="s13">1.0</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s13">4.0</p></td><td><p class="s13">1.0</p></td><td><p class="s13">2.5</p></td><td><p class="s13">2.0</p></td><td><p class="s13">7.5°</p></td><td><p class="s13">8.0</p></td><td><p class="s13">0.5</p></td><td><p class="s13">1.2</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s13">5.0</p></td><td><p class="s13">1.2</p></td><td><p class="s13">3.0</p></td><td><p class="s13">2.5</p></td><td><p class="s13">10°</p></td><td><p class="s13">12.0</p></td><td><p class="s13">0.6</p></td><td><p class="s13">1.4</p></td></tr></table>
==== Braze Alloy Clad Contact Rivets====
For special cases, especially high surrounding temperatures with high thermal and mechanical stresses during switching operations, a full metallurgical bond between the contact rivet and the contact carrier may be required to prevent a loosening of the connection and early failures of the device. To accomplish this superior bond , a thin layer of brazing alloy is added to the underside of the head and the rivet shank. During assembly , a thermal treatment is added after the mechanical staking.
====Contact Rivets with Brazed Contact Material Layers====
For certain applications , contact rivets with non-ductile or brittle materials such as tungsten, silver–tungsten, or silver–graphite are required. Rivets with these contact materials can only be fabricated by brazing. Small round tips are brazed to pre-fabricated copper or steel bases using special brazing alloys in a reducing atmosphere.
=== Contact Tips===
Flat or formed contact tips, welded or brazed to contact carriers, are frequently used in switching devices for higher power technology. Depending on the contact material and specified shapes , these tips are produced by various manufacturing processes. The most frequently used ones are:
*Stamping from strips and profiles
*Cutting from extruded rods
*Pressing, Sintering, and Infiltrating*Pressing, Sintering, and Re-Pressing
*Pressing and Sintering
For stamping , sufficiently ductile semi-finished materials are needed. These are mainly silver, silver–alloys, silver–nickel, silver–metal oxide, and silver–graphite (with graphite particle orientation parallel to the switching surface). Silver–metal oxides and silver–graphite need needs an additional well brazable or weldable silver layer on the underside which can be bonded to the bulk of the contact material by various processes. To further facilitate the final attachment process strips and profiles are often coated on the brazing underside with an additional thin layer of brazing alloy such as L-Ag 15P (CP 102 or BCuP-5).For Ag/C with the graphite orientation perpendicular to the switching surface , the brazable underside is produced by cutting tips from extruded rods and burning out graphite in a defined thickness.
The press-sinter-infiltrate process (PSI) is used mainly for Ag/W and Cu/W material tips with tungsten contents of > 50 wt%. A silver or copper surplus on the underside of the tip , later facilitates the brazing or welding during final assembly.
The press–sinter–re-press method (PSR) allows the economic manufacturing of shaped contact parts with silver or copper contents > 70 wt%. This process also alloys involves alloying the parts pressed in two layers, with the upper top being the contact material and the bottom side consisting of being pure Ag or Cu to support for easy attachmentadhesion.
Press–sinter processes are limited to smaller Ag/W contact tips , with a Ag content of approximately 65 wt%.
*Contact materials <br /> Ag, AgNi 0,15 (ARGODUR Spezial), AgCu, AgCuNi (ARGODUR 27), Ag/Ni (SINIDUR), Ag/CdO (DODURIT CdO), Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub> (SISTADOX), Ag/ZnO (DODURIT ZnO), Ag/C (GRAPHOR), Ag/W (SIWODUR), Ag/WC (SIWODUR C), Ag/WC/C (SIWODUR C/C), Ag/Mo (SILMODUR), Cu/W (CUWODUR)<br />
*Typical contact shapes of tips and formed contact parts (<xr id="fig:Typical_contact_shapes_of_tips_and_formed_contact_parts"/>)
<figure id="fig:Typical_contact_shapes_of_tips_and_formed_contact_parts">
[[File:Typical_contact_shapes_of_tips_and_formed_contact_parts.jpg|rightleft|thumb|Figure 11: Typical contact shapes of tips and formed contact parts]]
</figure>
<br style="clear:both;"/>
*Dimensional ranges<br />Attachment Method: Welding <br />Bonding Area: approx. 5 – 25 mm<sup>2</sup><br />Attachment Method: Brazing <br />Bonding Area: > 25 mm<sup>2</sup> <br />
Because of the wide variety of shapes of contact tips and formed contact parts , the user and manufacturer usually develop develops special parts , part specific agreements on quality and tolerances.
===Weld Buttons===
For contacts used at higher temperatures, such as for example in controls for stove tops, the use of contact rivets or the direct welding of silver based contact materials on steel or thermo-bimetal carriers is usually not feasible. For such applications , weld buttons are suitable contact components.
Weld buttons are round or rectangular tips , manufactured from clad contact bimetal or in some cases tri-metal semi-finished materials. The surface layer is produced from the specified contact material, the bottom weldable layer from a material with higher electrical resistivity such as steel, nickel, or for example a copper-nickel alloy. For precious metal savings , a third high conductive layer of copper may be inserted between the contact material and weld backing. To improve the welding process , the underside often has an embossed pattern with one or more weld projections.
The manufacturing of weld buttons from bi– or tri–metal strip requires a ductile contact material. Weld buttons with tungsten contact layers are therefore produced by brazing of tungsten discs to a weldable pre-formed base.
*Typical contact forms of weld buttons (<xr id="fig:Typical_contact_forms_of_weld_buttons"/>)
*Carrier materials <br />Ni, Fe, CuNi, CuNiZn et.al.<br />
*Dimensional Ranges (<xr id="fig:13neuDimensional -Ranges"/>)
*Quality criteria of standard weld buttons (<xr id="fig:16Quality_criteria_-of_standard_weld_-buttonsneu"/>)
<div class="multiple-images">
<figure id="fig:Typical_contact_forms_of_weld_buttons">
[[File:Typical_contact_forms_of_weld_buttons.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 12: Typical contact forms of weld buttons]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:13neuDimensional -Ranges">
[[File:13neuDimensional -Ranges.jpg|rightleft|thumb|Figure 13: Dimensional Ranges]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:16Quality_criteria_-of_standard_weld_-buttonsneu">
[[File:16Quality_criteria_-of_standard_weld_-buttonsneu.jpg|rightleft|thumb|Figure 14: Quality criteria of standard weld buttons]]
</figure>
</div><div class="clear"></div>
==References==
[[:Manufacturing Technologies for Contact Parts#References|Manufacturing Technologies for Contact Parts]]
[[de:Herstellung_von_Einzelkontakten]]
