Changes

For the joining of contact materials with carrier substrates brazing alloys with working temperatures > 600 °C are used exclusively. The working temperature is defined as the lowest surface temperature by which the brazing material wets the materials to be joined. This temperature is within the melting range and between the solidus (temperature at which melting starts) and liquidus (temperature at complete liquid state) point of the brazing alloy. Silver-based brazing alloys have good electrical conductivity and a sufficient mechanical strength , which allows a bonding process without significant changes in the 4 microstructure of the material to be joined.

For electrical contacts , usually low-melting alloys with a minimum of 20 wt-% silver and additions of cadmium, zinc or tin are used to lower the melting point are used <xr id="tab:Commonly_Used_Brazing_Alloys_for_Electrical_Contacts"/><!--(Table 4.1)-->. Because of the toxicity of cadmium , most cadmium containing brazing alloys have been replaced by zinc and tin containing brazing alloys. For higher requirements on corrosion resistance or for easier wetting of stainless steel , nickel and manganese containing alloys are also used. Using any of these brazing alloys in an air environment is only possible with the addition of oxide reducing fluxes.

For high temperature brazing in vacuum or protective atmosphere , vacuum melted silver-copper eutectic brazing alloys are used. These also allow subsequent forming operations due to their higher ductility.For the brazing of contacts with a silver bottom layer to copper backings , phosphorous containing brazing alloys which eliminate the need for a flux application , are widely used.The brazing alloy is typically introduced into the joint area in the form of wire segments, foil, shims, or as powder or paste. For larger production volumes it is economically advantageous to pre-coat contact tips with a thin layer (&le; 100 µm) of brazing alloy.

Since the residues of fluxes are hygroscopic and can cause corrosion , they have to be removed completely after the brazing process in very hot or boiling water. Depending on the type and process used, fluxes are being applied in liquid form or as powders or pastes.