Difference between revisions of "Brazing Alloys and Fluxes"

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=== 4.1 Brazing Alloys ===
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==Brazing Alloys ==
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For the joining of contact materials with carrier substrates brazing alloys with working temperatures > 600 °C are used exclusively. The working temperature is defined as the lowest surface temperature by which the brazing material wets the materials to be joined. This temperature is within the melting range and between the solidus (temperature at which melting starts) and liquidus (temperature at complete liquid state) point of the brazing alloy. Silver-based brazing alloys have good electrical conductivity and a sufficient mechanical
 
−
strength which allows a bonding process without significant changes in the 4
 
−
microstructure of the material to be joined.
 
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For electrical contacts usually low-melting alloys with a minimum of 20 wt-% silver and additions of cadmium, zinc or tin to lower the melting point are used (Table 4.1). Because of the toxicity of cadmium most cadmium containing brazing alloys have been replaced by zinc and tin containing brazing alloys. For higher requirements on corrosion resistance or for easier wetting of stainless steel nickel and manganese containing alloys are also used. Using any of these brazing alloys in an air environment is only possible with the addition of oxide reducing fluxes.
 
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For high temperature brazing in vacuum or protective atmosphere vacuum melted silver-copper eutectic brazing alloys are used. These also allow subsequent forming operations due to their higher ductility.
 
−
For the brazing of contacts with a silver bottom layer to copper backings phosphorous containing brazing alloys which eliminate the need for a flux application are widely used.
 
−
The brazing alloy is typically introduced into the joint area in the form of wire segments, foil, shims, or as powder or paste. For larger production volumes it is economically advantageous to pre-coat contact tips with a thin layer (< 100 µm) of brazing alloy.
 
−
=== 4.2 Fluxes ===
 
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Brazing fluxes consist of non-metallic materials, mostly salt mixtures of boron and halogen compounds (Table 4.2). Their purpose is to remove oxides from
 
−
the brazing surfaces and prevent their new build-up in order to allow a thorough wetting of these surfaces by the liquefied brazing alloy. Fluxes have to be activated already at a temperature below the working range of the brazing alloy. They are selected mainly according to the working temperature of the brazing alloy and the base material to be joined.
 
  
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{| class="twocolortable"
+
For the joining of contact materials with carrier substrates, brazing alloys with working temperatures > 600 °C are used exclusively. The working temperature is defined as the lowest surface temperature, by which the brazing material wets the materials to be joined. This temperature is within the melting range and between the solidus (temperature at which melting starts) and liquidus (temperature at complete liquid state) point of the brazing alloy. Silver-based brazing alloys have good electrical conductivity and a sufficient mechanical strength, which allows a bonding process without significant changes in the microstructure of the material to be joined.
−
|+ Table 4.1: Commonly Used Brazing Alloys for Electrical Contacts
+
 
−
!Designation
+
For electrical contacts, usually low-melting alloys with a minimum of 20 wt-% silver and additions of cadmium, zinc or tin are used to lower the melting point (<xr id="tab:Commonly_Used_Brazing_Alloys_for_Electrical_Contacts"/><!--(Table 4.1)-->). Because of the toxicity of cadmium, most cadmium containing brazing alloys have been replaced by zinc and tin containing brazing alloys. Alloys containing nickel and manganese are also used for higher corrosion resistance requirements or for easier wetting of stainless steel.. Using any of these brazing alloys in an air environment is only possible with the addition of oxide reducing fluxes.
−
!Designation
+
 
−
!Designation
+
For high temperature brazing in vacuum or protective atmosphere, vacuum melted silver-copper eutectic brazing alloys are used. These also allow subsequent forming operations due to their higher ductility.
−
!Composition  
+
For the brazing of contacts with a silver bottom layer to copper backings, phosphorous containing brazing alloys which eliminate the need for a flux application, are widely used.
−
! colspan="2" style="" |Melting range
+
The brazing alloy is typically introduced into the joint area in the form of wire segments, foil, shims or as powder or paste. For larger production volumes it is economically advantageous to pre-coat contact tips with a thin layer (&le; 100 µm) of brazing alloy.
−
!Working
+
 
−
!Electrical
+
<figtable id="tab:Commonly_Used_Brazing_Alloys_for_Electrical_Contacts">
−
Conductivity
+
<caption>'''<!--Table 4.2:-->Commonly Used Brazing Alloys for Electrical Contacts'''</caption>
−
!Density
+
 
 +
{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
 +
|-
 +
!Designation<br/>DIN EN 1044
 +
!BrazeTec<br/>Designation
 +
!Designation US<br/>(equivalent or closest similar brazing alloy)
 +
!Designation<br/>DIN EN ISO 3677
 +
!Composition<br/>wt %
 +
!Melting Range (solidus)<br/>[°C]
 +
!Melting Range (liquidus)<br/>[°C]
 +
!Working Temperature<br/>[°C]
 +
!Electrical Conductivity<br/>[MS/m]
 +
!Density<br/>[g/m<sup>3</sup>]
 
!Application
 
!Application
 
|-
 
|-
−
!DIN EN 1044
+
|AG103
−
!US (equivalent or closest
+
|BrazeTec 5507
−
similar brazing alloy)
+
|BAg-7
−
!DIN EN ISO 3677
+
|B-Ag55ZnCuSn<br/>630/660
−
!wt%
+
|Ag54 - 56<br/>Cu20 - 23<br/>Zn20 - 24<br/>Sn1,5 - 2,5
−
!
+
|630
−
!
+
|660
−
!Temperature
+
|650
−
[°C]
+
|8,4
−
![MS/m]
+
|9,6
−
![g/m³]
+
|Cu, Cu-Alloys, Ag-materials<br/>Fe, Ni
−
!
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|Ag502
 +
|BrazeTec 4900
 +
|BAg-22
 +
|B-Ag49ZnCuMnNi<br/>680/705
 +
|Ag48 - 50<br/>Zn21 - 25<br/>Cu15 - 17<br/>Mn6,5 - 8,5<br/>Ni4 - 5
 +
|680
 +
|705
 +
|690
 +
|4,0
 +
|8,9
 +
|W, Mo, carbide steel<br/>Fe, Ni
 
|-
 
|-
−
|AG 304*) || BAg-1 || B-Ag40ZnCdCu-
+
|Ag401
−
595/630
+
|BrazeTec 7200
−
| Ag39 - 41
+
|BAg-8
−
Cd18 - 22
+
|B-Ag72Cu-780
−
Cu18 - 20
+
|Ag71 - 73<br/>Cu Rest
−
Zn19 - 23
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|780
−
| 595 || 630 || 610 || 14.0 || 9.3 || Cu,Cu alloys,
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|780
−
Ag materials, Fe, Ni
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|780
 +
|46,1
 +
|10,0
 +
|Cu, Cu-Alloys, Ag-materials<br/>vacuum brazing
 
|-
 
|-
−
|AG 306*) || BAg-2a
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|CP 102
−
|B-Ag30CuCdZn-
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|BrazeTec S15
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600/765
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|BCuP-5
−
| Ag30 - 32
+
|B-Cu80AgP<br/>645/800
−
Cu28 - 30
+
|Ag14,5 - 15,5<br/>P4,7 - 5,3<br/>Cu Rest
−
Cd21 - 25
+
|645
−
Zn21 - 25
+
|800
−
| 600 || 690 || 680 || 13.0 ||9.2 ||  Cu, Cu alloys,
+
|710
−
Ag materials, Fe, Ni
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|7,0
 +
|8,4
 +
|Cu, Cu-Legierungen, Ag-materials
 +
</figtable>
 +
 
 +
== Fluxes ==
 +
Brazing fluxes consist of non-metallic materials, mostly salt mixtures of boron and halogen compounds (<xr id="tab:Fluxes for the Brazing of Heavy Metals"/><!--(Table 4.2)-->). Their purpose is to remove oxides from the brazing surfaces and prevent their new build-up, in order to allow a thorough wetting of these surfaces by the liquefied brazing alloy. Fluxes have to be activated already at a temperature below the working range of the brazing alloy. They are selected mainly according to the working temperature of the brazing alloy and the base material to be joined.
 +
 
 +
Since the residues of fluxes are hygroscopic and can cause corrosion, they have to be removed completely after the brazing process in very hot or boiling water. Depending on the type and process used, fluxes are being applied in liquid form or as powders or pastes.
 +
 
 +
<figtable id="tab:Fluxes for the Brazing of Heavy Metals">
 +
<caption>'''<!--Table 4.2:-->Fluxes for the Brazing of Heavy Metals'''</caption>
 +
 
 +
<table class="twocolortable">
 +
<tr><th><p class="s8">Designation</p><p class="s8">DIN EN 1045</p></th><th><p class="s8">Designation US (similar)</p></th><th><p class="s8">Active tempe- rature range [°C]</p></th><th><p class="s8">Chemical ingredients</p></th><th><p class="s8">Base materials used for</p></th></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">TYP FH 10</p></td><td><p class="s8">FB 3-A</p></td><td><p class="s8">550 - 800</p></td><td><p class="s8">Boron compounds, Fluorides</p></td><td><p class="s8">All metals and alloys except light metals, alloyed steels, carbide steels</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">TYP FH 11</p></td><td><p class="s8">FB 4-A</p></td><td><p class="s8">550 - 800</p></td><td><p class="s8">Boron compounds,</p><p class="s8">Fluorides, Chlorides</p></td><td><p class="s8">Copper,</p><p class="s8">Aluminum bronze</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">TYP FH 12</p></td><td><p class="s8">FB 3-C</p></td><td><p class="s8">550 - 850</p></td><td><p class="s8">Boron,</p><p class="s8">Boron compounds, Fluorides</p></td><td><p class="s8">Special brass,</p><p class="s8">any steel alloys, carbide steel</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">TYP FH 21</p></td><td><p class="s8">FB 3-I</p></td><td><p class="s8">750 - 1100</p></td><td><p class="s8">Boron compounds, Chlorides</p></td><td><p class="s8">All metals and alloys</p><p class="s8">except light metals</p></td></tr></table>
 +
</figtable>
 +
 
 +
==References==
 +
 
 +
 
 +
DIN 8514 Löten metallischer Werkstoffe. Begriffe, Benennungen
 +
 
 +
DIN EN 1044 Hartlöten, Lötzusätze
 +
 
 +
DIN EN 1045 Flussmittel zum Hartlöten
 +
 
 +
ASM Metals, Handbook: Vol 6 Welding, Brazing, and Soldering,
 +
ASM, Cleveland, OH, 1993
 +
 
 +
Dorn, L.: Hartlöten, Grundlagen und Anwendungen. Expert-Verlag,
 +
Band 146 (1985)
 +
 
 +
Krell, A.: Flussmittel und Lötfehler beim Hartlöten. Schweißtechnik,
 +
Berlin, 38 (1988)
  
−
|}
+
DVS-Taschenbuch 196: Beuth-Verlag. Berlin, 1997
  
−
Since the residues of fluxes are hygroscopic and can cause corrosion they have to be removed completely after the brazing process in very hot or boiling water. Depending on the type and process used, fluxes are being applied in liquid form or as powders or pastes.
+
Müller, W.: Metallische Lotwerkstoffe. Dt. Verlag für Schweißtechnik,
 +
Düsseldorf 1990
  
−
Table 4.2: Fluxes for the Brazing of Heavy Metals
+
[[de:Lote_und_Flussmittel]]

Latest revision as of 09:05, 10 January 2023


Brazing Alloys

For the joining of contact materials with carrier substrates, brazing alloys with working temperatures > 600 °C are used exclusively. The working temperature is defined as the lowest surface temperature, by which the brazing material wets the materials to be joined. This temperature is within the melting range and between the solidus (temperature at which melting starts) and liquidus (temperature at complete liquid state) point of the brazing alloy. Silver-based brazing alloys have good electrical conductivity and a sufficient mechanical strength, which allows a bonding process without significant changes in the microstructure of the material to be joined.

For electrical contacts, usually low-melting alloys with a minimum of 20 wt-% silver and additions of cadmium, zinc or tin are used to lower the melting point (Table 1). Because of the toxicity of cadmium, most cadmium containing brazing alloys have been replaced by zinc and tin containing brazing alloys. Alloys containing nickel and manganese are also used for higher corrosion resistance requirements or for easier wetting of stainless steel.. Using any of these brazing alloys in an air environment is only possible with the addition of oxide reducing fluxes.

For high temperature brazing in vacuum or protective atmosphere, vacuum melted silver-copper eutectic brazing alloys are used. These also allow subsequent forming operations due to their higher ductility. For the brazing of contacts with a silver bottom layer to copper backings, phosphorous containing brazing alloys which eliminate the need for a flux application, are widely used. The brazing alloy is typically introduced into the joint area in the form of wire segments, foil, shims or as powder or paste. For larger production volumes it is economically advantageous to pre-coat contact tips with a thin layer (≤ 100 µm) of brazing alloy.

Table 1: Commonly Used Brazing Alloys for Electrical Contacts
Designation
DIN EN 1044 		BrazeTec
Designation 		Designation US
(equivalent or closest similar brazing alloy) 		Designation
DIN EN ISO 3677 		Composition
wt % 		Melting Range (solidus)
[°C] 		Melting Range (liquidus)
[°C] 		Working Temperature
[°C] 		Electrical Conductivity
[MS/m] 		Density
[g/m3] 		Application
AG103 BrazeTec 5507 BAg-7 B-Ag55ZnCuSn
630/660 		Ag54 - 56
Cu20 - 23
Zn20 - 24
Sn1,5 - 2,5 		630 660 650 8,4 9,6 Cu, Cu-Alloys, Ag-materials
Fe, Ni
Ag502 BrazeTec 4900 BAg-22 B-Ag49ZnCuMnNi
680/705 		Ag48 - 50
Zn21 - 25
Cu15 - 17
Mn6,5 - 8,5
Ni4 - 5 		680 705 690 4,0 8,9 W, Mo, carbide steel
Fe, Ni
Ag401 BrazeTec 7200 BAg-8 B-Ag72Cu-780 Ag71 - 73
Cu Rest 		780 780 780 46,1 10,0 Cu, Cu-Alloys, Ag-materials
vacuum brazing
CP 102 BrazeTec S15 BCuP-5 B-Cu80AgP
645/800 		Ag14,5 - 15,5
P4,7 - 5,3
Cu Rest 		645 800 710 7,0 8,4 Cu, Cu-Legierungen, Ag-materials

Fluxes

Brazing fluxes consist of non-metallic materials, mostly salt mixtures of boron and halogen compounds (Table 2). Their purpose is to remove oxides from the brazing surfaces and prevent their new build-up, in order to allow a thorough wetting of these surfaces by the liquefied brazing alloy. Fluxes have to be activated already at a temperature below the working range of the brazing alloy. They are selected mainly according to the working temperature of the brazing alloy and the base material to be joined.

Since the residues of fluxes are hygroscopic and can cause corrosion, they have to be removed completely after the brazing process in very hot or boiling water. Depending on the type and process used, fluxes are being applied in liquid form or as powders or pastes.

Table 2: Fluxes for the Brazing of Heavy Metals

Designation

DIN EN 1045

Designation US (similar)

Active tempe- rature range [°C]

Chemical ingredients

Base materials used for

TYP FH 10

FB 3-A

550 - 800

Boron compounds, Fluorides

All metals and alloys except light metals, alloyed steels, carbide steels

TYP FH 11

FB 4-A

550 - 800

Boron compounds,

Fluorides, Chlorides

Copper,

Aluminum bronze

TYP FH 12

FB 3-C

550 - 850

Boron,

Boron compounds, Fluorides

Special brass,

any steel alloys, carbide steel

TYP FH 21

FB 3-I

750 - 1100

Boron compounds, Chlorides

All metals and alloys

except light metals

References

DIN 8514 Löten metallischer Werkstoffe. Begriffe, Benennungen

DIN EN 1044 Hartlöten, Lötzusätze

DIN EN 1045 Flussmittel zum Hartlöten

ASM Metals, Handbook: Vol 6 Welding, Brazing, and Soldering, ASM, Cleveland, OH, 1993

Dorn, L.: Hartlöten, Grundlagen und Anwendungen. Expert-Verlag, Band 146 (1985)

Krell, A.: Flussmittel und Lötfehler beim Hartlöten. Schweißtechnik, Berlin, 38 (1988)

DVS-Taschenbuch 196: Beuth-Verlag. Berlin, 1997

Müller, W.: Metallische Lotwerkstoffe. Dt. Verlag für Schweißtechnik, Düsseldorf 1990

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