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<figtable id="tab:Characteristics of the Most Important PVD Processes">
<caption>'''<!--Table 7.6:-->Characteristics of the Most Important Charakteristische Merkmale der wichtigsten PVD Processes-Verfahren'''</caption>
{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!ProcessVerfahren!PrinciplePrinzip!Process Gas PressureProzessgasdruck!Particle EnergyTeilchenenergie!RemarksBemerkungen
|-
|Vapor depositionAufdampfen|Vaporizing in a crucible Verdampfen aus Tiegel (Elektronenstrahl o.<br />(electron beam or resistance heatingWiderstandsheizung)
|10<sup>-3</sup> Pa
|< 2eV
|Separation of alloy components may occurEntmischung bei Legierungen möglich
|-
|Arc vaporizingLichtbogenverdampfen|Vaporizing of the target Verdampfen der Targetplatte<br />plate in an electrical arcmit Lichtbogen
|10<sup>-1</sup> Pa-1Pa
|80eV-300eV
|Very good adhesion due to ion bombardementSehr gute Haftung durch Ionenbeschuss
|-
|SputteringKathodenzerstäuben (Sputtern)|Atomizing of the target plateAtomare Zerstäubung der Targetplatte<br />(cathodeKathode) in a gas dischargeGasentladung
|10<sup>-1</sup> Pa-1Pa
|10eV-100eV
|Sputtering of nonAuch Sputtern von Nichtleitern durch RF-conductive materials possible through RF operationBetrieb möglich
|-
|Ion implantationIonenplattieren|Combination of vapor Kombination aus Aufdampfen<br />deposition and sputteringund Sputtern
|10<sup>-1</sup> Pa-1Pa
|80eV-300eV
|Very good adhesion from ion bombardment but also heating of the substrate materialSehr gute Haftung durch Ionenbeschuss, aber auch Substraterwärmung
|}
</figtable>
<figure id="fig:Principle of sputtering">
[[File:Principle of sputtering.jpg|right|thumb|Principle of sputtering Prinzip der Kathodenzerstäubung; Ar = Argon atomsArgonatom; e = ElectronsElektron; M = Metal atomsMetallatom]]
</figure>
*High purity of the deposit layers Hohe Reinheit der Schichten *Low thermal impact on the substrate Geringe thermische Substratbeeinflussung *Almost unlimited coating materials Beliebige Schichtwerkstoffe *Low coating thickness tolerance Geringe Schichtdickentoleranz *Excellent adhesion Ausgezeichnete Haftfestigkeit (also by using additional intermediate layersauch über zusätzliche Zwischenschichten)
*'''Examples of vacuum coated semi-finished materials and partsBeispiele für vakuumbeschichtete Halbzeuge und Teile'''[[File:Examples of vacuum coated semi finished materials and parts.jpg|left|Examples of vacuum coated semi finished materials and partsBeispiele für vakuumbeschichtete Halbzeuge und Teile]]
<br style="clear:both;"/>
*'''MaterialsWerkstoffe'''Selection of possible combinations of coating and substrate materialsAuswahl möglicher Kombinationen von Schicht- und Substratwerkstoffen
<table class="twocolortable">
<tr><th rowspan="2"><p class="s8">Substrate MaterialsSubstratwerkstoffe</p></th><th colspan="12"><p class="s8">Coating MaterialsSchichtwerkstoffe</p></th></tr>
<tr><th><p><span>Ag</span></p></th><th><p><span>Au</span></p></th><th><p><span>Pt</span></p></th><th><p><span>Pd</span></p></th><th><p><span>Cu</span></p></th><th><p><span>Ni</span></p></th><th><p><span>Ti</span></p></th><th><p><span>Cr</span></p></th><th><p><span>Mo</span></p></th><th><p><span>W</span></p></th><th><p><span>Ai</span></p></th><th><p><span>Si</span></p></th></tr>
<tr><td><p class="s8">Precious metal Edelmetall/ alloysLegierungen</p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">NF metals NE-Metall/ alloysLegierungen</p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">Fe alloys FE-Legierungen/ stainless steelEdelstahl</p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">Special metals Sondermetalle (Ti, Mo, W, etc.)</p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">Carbide steels Hartmetalle (WC-Co)</p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">Ceramics Keramik (Al<span class="s16">2</span>O<span class="s16">3</span>, AlN)</p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">Glasses Gläser (SiO<span class="s16">2</span>, CaF, etc.)</p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">Plastics Kunststoffe (PA, PPS, etc.)</p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td></tr></table>
[[File:K7-gef.png]] can be producedherstellbar[[File:K7-leer.png]] can be produced with intermediate layermit Zwischenschichten herstellbar
*'''DimensionsAbmessungen und Toleranzen'''
{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px;width:40%"
|-
!colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|'''DimensionsAbmessungen'''
|-
|Coating thicknessSchichtdicke:
|10 nm - 15 μm
|-
|Coating thicknesses for contact applicationsSchichtdicke für Kontaktanwendungen:
|0.1 - 10 μm
|}
*'''TolerancesToleranzen'''
*'''Quality criteriaQualitätsmerkmale'''Depending on the application the following parameters are tested and recorded Je nach Anwendung werden u.a. folgende Merkmale geprüft und dokumentiert(see also: Electroplating of partssiehe auch Galvanisieren von Teilen):
*Coating thickness Schichtdicke *Solderability Haftfestigkeit *Adhesion strength Porosität *Bonding propertyLötbarkeit*Porosity Bondbarkeit *Contact resistance Kontaktwiderstand
==<!--7.3-->Comparison of Deposition ProcessesVergleich verschiedener Beschichtungsverfahren==The individual deposition processes have in part different performance characteristicsDie einzelnen Beschichtungsverfahren weisen teilweise unterschiedlicheLeistungsmerkmale auf. For each end application the optimal process has to be chosen considering all technical and economical factorsFür jeden Anwendungsfall muss daher das optimaleVerfahren unter Berücksichtigung sämtlicher technischer und wirtschaftlicherRandbedingungen festgelegt werden. The main selection criteria should be based on the electrical and mechanical requirements for the contact layer and on the design characteristics of the contact componentDabei spielen vor allem die elektrischenund mechanischen Anforderungen an die Kontaktschicht und konstruktiveMerkmale des Kontaktteils eine wesentliche Rolle. <xr id="tab:Comparison of different coating processes"/><!--Table 7.7--> gives some indications for a comparative evaluation of the different coating processesenthält einigeAngaben für eine vergleichende Betrachtung der verschiedenenBeschichtungsverfahren.
<figtable id="tab:Comparison of different coating processes">
<caption>'''<!--Table 7.7:-->Comparison of different coating processesVergleich verschiedener Beschichtungsverfahren'''</caption>
{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Process Verfahren/ Coating PropertiesSchichteigenschaften!Mechanical Processes Mechanische Verfahren (CladdingPlattieren)!ElectroplatingGalvanische Verfahren!Vaccum Deposition Vakuumtechnische Verfahren (SputteringSputtern)
|-
|Coating materialSchichtwerkstoff|formabe metal and alloysverformbare Metalle und Legierungen|metalsMetalle, alloys only limitedLegierungen in begrenztem Maße|metals and alloysMetalle und Legierungen
|-
|Coating thicknessSchichtdicke
|> 1μm
|0.,1 - approxca. 10 μm <br />(in special cases up to Sonderfällen - 100 μm)|0.,1 approx- ca. 10 μm
|-
|Coating configurationSchichtbelegung|selectivelyselektiv, stamping edges not coatedStanzkanten unbeschichtet|all around and selectivelyallseitig und selektiv<br />stamping edges coatedStanzkanten beschichtet|mostly selectivityüberwiegend selektiv
|-
|AdhesionHaftung|goodgut|goodgut|very goodsehr gut
|-
|DuctilityDuktilität|goodgut|limitedeingeschränkt|goodgut
|-
|PurityReinheit|goodgut|inclusions of foreign materialsEinbau von Fremdstoffen|very goodsehr gut
|-
|PorosityPorosität|goodgut|good for gut > approxca. 1μm
|good
|-
|Temperature stabilityTemperaturbeständigkeit|goodvery goodsehr gut|goodgut|very goodsehr gut
|-
|Mechanical wearmechanischer Verschleiß|littlegering|very littlesehr gering|littlegering
|-
|Environmental impactUmweltbelastung|littlegering|significanterheblich|nonekeine
|}
</figtable>
==<!--7.4-->Hot Thermisch verzinnte (-Dipped„feuerverzinnte“) Tin Coated Strip MaterialsBänder==During hot-dip tinning pre-treated strip materials are coated with pure tin or tin alloys from a liquid solder metalBeim Feuerverzinnen werden entsprechend vorbehandelte Bänder mitschmelzflüssigem Lot aus Reinzinn oder einer Zinnlegierung beschichtet. During overall (or all-around) tinning the stripsthrough a liquid metal meltBeiallseitiger Verzinnung werden die Bänder durch die Metallschmelze gezogen. For strip tinning rotating rolls are partially immersed into a liquid tin melt and transport the liquid onto the strip which is guided above themDabei tauchen Walzen in das schmelzflüssige Lotbad ein und übertragen dasLot auf das darüber geführte Band. Through special wiping and gas blowing procedures the deposited tin layer can be held within tight tolerancesDurch spezielle Abstreif- oder Abblasverfahrenkann die aufgebrachte Lotschichtdicke in engen Toleranzen gehaltenwerden. Hot tinning is performed directly onto the base substrate material without any pre-coating with either copper or nickelDie Feuerverzinnung erfolgt ohne vorausgehende Verkupferung oderVernickelung direkt auf dem Grundmaterial. Special cast-on processes or the melting of solder foils onto the carrier strip allow also the production of thicker solder layers Spezielle Angießverfahren oder dasAufschmelzen von Lot in Folienform ermöglichen auch die Herstellung dickererLotschichten ( > 15 μm).
The main advantage of hot tinning of copper and copper alloys as compared to tin electroplating is the formation of an inter-metallic copper-tin phase (Cu<sub>3</sub>Sn, Cu<sub>6</sub>Sn<sub>5</sub>) at the boundary between the carrier material and the tin layer. This thin (0.3 – 0.5 μm) intermediate layer, which is formed during the thermal tinning process, is rather hard and reduces in connectors the frictional force and mechanical wear. Tin coatings produced by hot tinning have a good adhesion to the substrate material and do not tend to tin whisker formation.
*'''Typical examples of hot tinned strip materials'''
[[File:Typical examples of hot tinned strip materials.jpg|left|Typical examples of hot tinned strip materialsTypische Ausführungsformen für thermisch verzinnte Bänder]]
<br style="clear:both;"/>
*'''Materials'''