Difference between revisions of "Platinum Metal Based Materials"

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<xr id="fig:"Softening_of_PdCu40_after_annealing_for_0.5_hrs_after_80%_cold_working"/>Fig. 2.43: Softening of PdCu40 after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working
 
<xr id="fig:"Softening_of_PdCu40_after_annealing_for_0.5_hrs_after_80%_cold_working"/>Fig. 2.43: Softening of PdCu40 after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working
  
<xr id="fig:"/>Fig. 2.44: Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase
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<xr id="fig:"Electrical_resistivity_p_of_PdCu_alloys"/>Fig. 2.44: Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase
  
 
<xr id="fig:"/>'''Table 2.9: Contact and Switching Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys'''
 
<xr id="fig:"/>'''Table 2.9: Contact and Switching Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys'''
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</figure>
 
</figure>
  
<figure id="">
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<figure id="Softening_of_PtIr5_after_annealing_for_1_hr_after_different degrees_cold_working">
 
Fig. 2.34: Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working
 
Fig. 2.34: Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working
 
[[File:Softening of PtIr5 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working]]
 
[[File:Softening of PtIr5 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working]]
 
</figure>
 
</figure>
  
<figure id="">
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<figure id="Strain_hardening_of_PtNi8_by_cold_working">
 
Fig. 2.35: Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working
 
Fig. 2.35: Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working
 
[[File:Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working]]
 
[[File:Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working]]
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</figure>
  
<figure id="">
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<figure id="Softening_of_PtNi8_after_annealing_for_1_hr_after_80%_cold_working">
 
Fig. 2.36: Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working
 
Fig. 2.36: Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working
 
[[File:Softening of PtNi8 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working]]
 
[[File:Softening of PtNi8 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working]]
 
</figure>
 
</figure>
  
<figure id="">
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<figure id="Strain_hardening_of_PtW5_by_cold_working">
 
Fig. 2.37: Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working
 
Fig. 2.37: Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working
 
[[File:Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working]]
 
[[File:Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working]]
 
</figure>
 
</figure>
  
<figure id="">
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<figure id="Softening_of_PtW5_after_annealing_for_1_hr_after_80%_cold_working">
Fig. 2.38: Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1hr after 80% cold working
+
Fig. 2.38: Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working
[[File:Softening of PtW5 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1hr after 80% cold working]]
+
[[File:Softening of PtW5 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working]]
 
</figure>
 
</figure>
  
<figure id="">
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<figure id="Strain_hardening_of_Pd_99.99_by_cold_working">
 
Fig. 2.39: Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working
 
Fig. 2.39: Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working
 
[[File:Strain hardening of Pd-99 99by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working]]
 
[[File:Strain hardening of Pd-99 99by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working]]
 
</figure>
 
</figure>
  
<figure id="">
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<figure id="Strain_hardening_of_PdCu15_by_cold_working">
 
Fig. 2.40: Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working
 
Fig. 2.40: Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working
 
[[File:Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working]]
 
[[File:Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working]]
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</figure>
 
</figure>
  
<figure id="">
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<figure id="Strain_hardening_of_PdCu40_by_cold_working">
 
Fig. 2.42: Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working
 
Fig. 2.42: Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working
 
[[File:Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working]]
 
[[File:Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working]]
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</figure>
 
</figure>
  
<figure id="">
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<figure id=Electrical_resistivity_p_of_PdCu_alloys">
 
Fig. 2.44: Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase
 
Fig. 2.44: Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase
 
[[File:Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys.jpg|right|thumb|Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase]]
 
[[File:Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys.jpg|right|thumb|Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase]]

Revision as of 16:29, 13 February 2014

The platinum group metals include the elements Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, and Os (Table 2.6). For electrical contacts platinum and palladium have practical significance as base alloy materials and ruthenium and iridium are used as alloying components. Pt and Pd have similar corrosion resistance as gold but because of their catalytical properties they tend to polymerize adsorbed organic vapors on contact surfaces. During frictional movement between contact surfaces the polymerized compounds known as “brown powder” are formed which can lead to significantly increase in contact resistance. Therefore Pt and Pd are typically used as alloys and not in their pure form for electrical contact applications.

Rhodium is not used as a solid contact material but is applied for example as a electroplated layer in sliding contact systems. Ruthenium is mostly used as an alloying component in the material PdRu15. The metals osmium and iridium have no practical applications in electrical contacts.

Since Pd was for the longest time rather stable in price it was looked at as a substitute for the more expensive gold. This was followed by a steep increase in the Pd price which caused a significant reduction in its use in electrical contacts. Today (2011) the Pd price again is lower than that of gold.

Alloys of Pt with Ru, Ir, Ni, and W were widely used in electromechanical components in the telecommunication industry and in heavy duty automotive breaker points (Table 2.7). Today these components have been replaced in many applications by solid state technology and the usage of these materials is greatly reduced. Pd alloys however have a more significant importance. PdCu15 is widely used for example in automotive flasher relays. Because of their resistance to sulfide formation PdAg alloys are applied in various relay designs. The ability to thermally precipitation harden some multi component alloys based on PdAgAuPt they find special usage in wear resistant sliding contact applications. Pd44Ag38Cu15PtAuZn is a standard alloy in this group.

Platinum and palladium alloys are mainly used similar to the gold based materials in the form of welded wire and profile segments but rarely as contact rivets. Because of the high precious metal prices joining technologies are used that allow the most economic application of the contact alloy in the area where functionally needed. Because of their resistance to material transfer they are used for DC applications and due to their higher arc erosion resistance they are applied for medium electrical loads up to about 30W in relays and switches (Table 2.10). Multi-component alloys based on Pd with higher hardness and wear resistance are mainly used as spring arms in sliding contact systems and DC miniature motors.

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BEGIN=

Table 1 Properties, Production Processes, and Application Forms for Platinum Metals

Table 2

Physical Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys

Table 3 Table 2.8: Mechanical Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys

??? Fig. 2.25: Influence of 1-20 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of platinum (Degussa)

??? Fig. 2.26: Influence of 1-22 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of palladium

??? Fig. 2.27: Phase diagram of platinum-iridium

??? Fig. 2.28: Phase diagram of platinum-nickel

??? Fig. 2.29: Phase diagram of platinum-tungsten

??? Fig. 2.30: Phase diagram of palladium-copper

??? Fig. 2.31: Strain hardening of Pt by cold working

??? Fig. 2.32: Softening of Pt after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working

??? Fig. 2.33: Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working

??? Fig. 2.34: Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working

???Fig. 2.35: Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working

??? Fig. 2.36: Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working

???Fig. 2.37: Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working

???Fig. 2.38: Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1hr after 80% cold working

???Fig. 2.39: Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working

???Fig. 2.40: Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working

???Fig. 2.41: Softening of PdCu15 after annealing for 0.5 hrs

???Fig. 2.42: Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working

???Fig. 2.43: Softening of PdCu40 after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working

???Fig. 2.44: Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase

???Table 2.9: Contact and Switching Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys

???Table 2.10: Application Examples and Form of Supply for Platinum Metals and their Alloys

END=

Table 2.6: Properties, Production Processes, and Application Forms for Platinum Metals

Table 1: Properties, Production Processes and Application Forms for Platinum Metals
Table 2.7: Physical Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys
Table 2.8: Mechanical Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys

soft

70% cold worket

soft

70% cold

worket

soft

70% cold

worket

Pt (99,95)

150

360

40

3

40

120

PtIr5

260

550

25

2

85

160

PtIr10

340

570

24

2

105

210

PtRu10

650

1000

24

2

195

320

PtNi8

640

950

22

2

200

320

PtW5

530

860

21

2

150

270

Pd (99,95)

200

420

42

2

40

90

PdCu15

400

780

38

2

90

220

PdCu40

550

950

35

2

120

260

PdNi5

Pd35AuAgPt

340

700

25

2

95

200

420*

Pd44Ag38Cu15

405*

PtAuZn

Pd40Co40W20

680*

*maximum hardness

Influence of 1- 20 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of platinum (Degussa)
Influence of 1-22 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of palladium
Fig. 2.27: Phase diagram of platinum-iridium
Phase diagram of platinum-iridium
Fig. 2.28: Phase diagram of platinum-nickel
Phase diagram of platinum-nickel
Fig. 2.29: Phase diagram of platinum-tungsten
Phase diagram of platinum-tungsten
Fig. 2.30: Phase diagram of palladium-copper
Phase diagram of palladium-copper
Fig. 2.31: Strain hardening of Pt by cold working
Strain hardening of Pt by cold working
Fig. 2.32: Softening of Pt after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working
Softening of Pt after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working
Fig. 2.33: Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working
Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working
Fig. 2.34: Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working
Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working
Fig. 2.35: Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working
Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working
Fig. 2.36: Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working
Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working
Fig. 2.37: Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working
Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working
Fig. 2.38: Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working
Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working
Fig. 2.39: Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working
Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working
Fig. 2.40: Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working
Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working
Fig. 2.41: Softening of PdCu15 after annealing for 0.5 hrs
Softening of PdCu15 after annealing for 0.5 hrs
Fig. 2.42: Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working
Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working
Fig. 2.43: Softening of PdCu40 after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working
Softening of PdCu40 after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working
Fig. 2.44: Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase
Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase

No reference identifier provided

No reference identifier provided

References

References