Difference between revisions of "Platinum Metal Based Materials"

From Electrical Contacts
Jump to: navigation, search
(DEVELOP:ImageLIst)
(DEVELOP:ImageLIst)
Line 21: Line 21:
 
Table 2.8: Mechanical Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys
 
Table 2.8: Mechanical Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys
  
<xr id="fig:"/>
+
<xr id="fig:Influence_of_1-20_atom%_of_different_additive_metals_on_the_electrical_resistivit_ p_of_platinum_(Degussa)"/>
 
Fig. 2.25: Influence of 1-20 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of platinum (Degussa)
 
Fig. 2.25: Influence of 1-20 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of platinum (Degussa)
  
Line 83: Line 83:
 
</figtable>
 
</figtable>
  
Fig. 2.25: Influence of 1-20 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of platinum (Degussa)
+
<figure id="Influence_of_1-20_atom%_of_different_additive_metals_on_the_electrical_resistivit_ p_of_platinum_(Degussa)>
 
[[File:Influence of platinum degussa.jpg|right|thumb|Influence of 1- 20 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of platinum (Degussa)]]
 
[[File:Influence of platinum degussa.jpg|right|thumb|Influence of 1- 20 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of platinum (Degussa)]]
 +
</figure>
  
Fig. 2.26: Influence of 1-22 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of palladium
+
<figure id="Influence_of_1-20_atom%_of_different_additive_metals_on_the_electrical_resistivit_ p_of_platinum>
 
[[File:Influence of palladium.jpg|right|thumb|Influence of 1-22 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of palladium]]
 
[[File:Influence of palladium.jpg|right|thumb|Influence of 1-22 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of palladium]]
 +
</figure>
  
 +
<figure id="">
 
Fig. 2.27: Phase diagram of platinum-iridium
 
Fig. 2.27: Phase diagram of platinum-iridium
 
[[File:Phase diagram of platinum iridium.jpg|right|thumb|Phase diagram of platinum-iridium]]
 
[[File:Phase diagram of platinum iridium.jpg|right|thumb|Phase diagram of platinum-iridium]]
  
 +
<figure id="">
 
Fig. 2.28: Phase diagram of platinum-nickel
 
Fig. 2.28: Phase diagram of platinum-nickel
 
[[File:Phase diagram of platinum nickel.jpg|right|thumb|Phase diagram of platinum-nickel]]
 
[[File:Phase diagram of platinum nickel.jpg|right|thumb|Phase diagram of platinum-nickel]]
 +
 +
<figure id="">
 
Fig. 2.29: Phase diagram of platinum-tungsten
 
Fig. 2.29: Phase diagram of platinum-tungsten
 
[[File:Phase diagram of palladium copper.jpg|right|thumb|Phase diagram of platinum-tungsten]]
 
[[File:Phase diagram of palladium copper.jpg|right|thumb|Phase diagram of platinum-tungsten]]
 +
 +
<figure id="">
 
Fig. 2.30: Phase diagram of palladium-copper
 
Fig. 2.30: Phase diagram of palladium-copper
 
[[File:Phase diagram of palladium copper2.jpg|right|thumb|Phase diagram of palladium-copper]]
 
[[File:Phase diagram of palladium copper2.jpg|right|thumb|Phase diagram of palladium-copper]]
 +
 +
<figure id="">
 
Fig. 2.31: Strain hardening of Pt by cold working
 
Fig. 2.31: Strain hardening of Pt by cold working
 
[[File:Strain hardening of Pt by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of Pt by cold working]]
 
[[File:Strain hardening of Pt by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of Pt by cold working]]
 +
</figure>
 +
 +
<figure id="">
 
Fig. 2.32: Softening of Pt after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working
 
Fig. 2.32: Softening of Pt after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working
 
[[File:Softening of Pt after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of Pt after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working]]
 
[[File:Softening of Pt after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of Pt after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working]]
 +
</figure>
 +
 +
<figure id="">
 
Fig. 2.33: Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working
 
Fig. 2.33: Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working
 
[[File:Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working]]
 
[[File:Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working]]
 +
</figure>
 +
 +
<figure id="">
 
Fig. 2.34: Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working
 
Fig. 2.34: Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working
 
[[File:Softening of PtIr5 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working]]
 
[[File:Softening of PtIr5 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working]]
 +
</figure>
 +
 +
<figure id="">
 
Fig. 2.35: Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working
 
Fig. 2.35: Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working
 
[[File:Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working]]
 
[[File:Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working]]
 +
 +
<figure id="">
 
Fig. 2.36: Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working
 
Fig. 2.36: Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working
 
[[File:Softening of PtNi8 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working]]
 
[[File:Softening of PtNi8 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working]]
 +
</figure>
 +
 +
<figure id="">
 
Fig. 2.37: Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working
 
Fig. 2.37: Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working
 
[[File:Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working]]
 
[[File:Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working]]
 +
</figure>
 +
 +
<figure id="">
 
Fig. 2.38: Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1hr after 80% cold working
 
Fig. 2.38: Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1hr after 80% cold working
 
[[File:Softening of PtW5 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1hr after 80% cold working]]
 
[[File:Softening of PtW5 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1hr after 80% cold working]]
 +
</figure>
 +
 +
<figure id="">
 
Fig. 2.39: Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working
 
Fig. 2.39: Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working
 
[[File:Strain hardening of Pd-99 99by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working]]
 
[[File:Strain hardening of Pd-99 99by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working]]
 +
</figure>
 +
 +
<figure id="">
 
Fig. 2.40: Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working
 
Fig. 2.40: Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working
 
[[File:Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working]]
 
[[File:Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working]]
 +
</figure>
 +
<figure id="">
 
Fig. 2.41: Softening of PdCu15 after annealing for 0.5 hrs
 
Fig. 2.41: Softening of PdCu15 after annealing for 0.5 hrs
 
[[File:Softening of PdCu15 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PdCu15 after annealing for 0.5 hrs]]
 
[[File:Softening of PdCu15 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PdCu15 after annealing for 0.5 hrs]]
 +
</figure>
 +
 +
<figure id="">
 
Fig. 2.42: Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working
 
Fig. 2.42: Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working
 
[[File:Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working]]
 
[[File:Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working]]
 +
</figure>
 +
 +
<figure id="">
 
Fig. 2.43: Softening of PdCu40 after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working
 
Fig. 2.43: Softening of PdCu40 after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working
 
[[File:Softening of PdCu40 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PdCu40 after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working]]
 
[[File:Softening of PdCu40 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PdCu40 after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working]]
 +
</figure>
 +
 +
<figure id="">
 
Fig. 2.44: Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase
 
Fig. 2.44: Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase
 
[[File:Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys.jpg|right|thumb|Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase]]
 
[[File:Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys.jpg|right|thumb|Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase]]
 +
</figure>
  
 +
<figtable id="">
 
'''Table 2.9: Contact and Switching Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys'''
 
'''Table 2.9: Contact and Switching Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys'''
 
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tr><td><p class="s11">Material</p></td><td><p class="s12">Properties</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pt</p></td><td><p class="s12">Very high corrosion resistance</p></td><td/></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtIr5 - 10</p></td><td><p class="s12">Very high corrosion resistance, low contact resistance</p></td><td><p class="s12">High arc erosion resistance, high hardness</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtRu10</p></td><td><p class="s12">Very high corrosion resistance, low welding tendency</p></td><td><p class="s12">Low contact resistance, very</p><p class="s12">high hardness</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtNi8</p></td><td><p class="s12">Low material transfer tendency</p></td><td><p class="s12">Very high hardness</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtW5</p></td><td><p class="s12">Low material transfer tendency</p></td><td><p class="s12">High hardness</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pd</p></td><td><p class="s12">Strong tendency to “Brown Powder” formation</p></td><td><p class="s12">Less arc erosion resistant than Pt</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PdCu15</p><p class="s11">PdCu40</p></td><td><p class="s12">Tendency to “Brown Powder” formation</p></td><td><p class="s12">Mostly resistant to material</p><p class="s12">transfer, high hardness</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PdNi5</p></td><td><p class="s12">Strong tendency to “Brown Powder” formation</p></td><td><p class="s12">Low welding tendency</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pd44Ag38Cu15</p><p class="s11">PtAuZn</p></td><td><p class="s12">High mechanical wear resistance</p></td><td><p class="s12">Standard material for sliding</p><p class="s12">contact brushes</p></td></tr></table>
 
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tr><td><p class="s11">Material</p></td><td><p class="s12">Properties</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pt</p></td><td><p class="s12">Very high corrosion resistance</p></td><td/></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtIr5 - 10</p></td><td><p class="s12">Very high corrosion resistance, low contact resistance</p></td><td><p class="s12">High arc erosion resistance, high hardness</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtRu10</p></td><td><p class="s12">Very high corrosion resistance, low welding tendency</p></td><td><p class="s12">Low contact resistance, very</p><p class="s12">high hardness</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtNi8</p></td><td><p class="s12">Low material transfer tendency</p></td><td><p class="s12">Very high hardness</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtW5</p></td><td><p class="s12">Low material transfer tendency</p></td><td><p class="s12">High hardness</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pd</p></td><td><p class="s12">Strong tendency to “Brown Powder” formation</p></td><td><p class="s12">Less arc erosion resistant than Pt</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PdCu15</p><p class="s11">PdCu40</p></td><td><p class="s12">Tendency to “Brown Powder” formation</p></td><td><p class="s12">Mostly resistant to material</p><p class="s12">transfer, high hardness</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PdNi5</p></td><td><p class="s12">Strong tendency to “Brown Powder” formation</p></td><td><p class="s12">Low welding tendency</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pd44Ag38Cu15</p><p class="s11">PtAuZn</p></td><td><p class="s12">High mechanical wear resistance</p></td><td><p class="s12">Standard material for sliding</p><p class="s12">contact brushes</p></td></tr></table>
 +
</figtable>
  
 +
<figtable id="">
 
'''Table 2.10: Application Examples and Form of Supply for Platinum Metals and their Alloys'''
 
'''Table 2.10: Application Examples and Form of Supply for Platinum Metals and their Alloys'''
 
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tr><td><p class="s11">Material</p></td><td><p class="s12">Application Examples</p></td><td><p class="s12">Forms of Supply</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pt (99,95)</p></td><td><p class="s12">Relays</p></td><td><p class="s12">Contact rivets, welded contact parts</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtIr5</p><p class="s11">PtIr10</p><p class="s11">PtRu10</p><p class="s11">PtNi8</p><p class="s11">PtW5</p></td><td><p class="s12">Relays, sliding contact systems,</p><p class="s12">automotive ignition breaker points</p></td><td><p class="s12">Semi-finished Contact Materials:</p><p class="s12">Wire, seam-welded contact profiles</p><p class="s12">Contact Parts:</p><p class="s12">Tips, wire-formed parts, solid and composite contact rivets, welded contact parts</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pd (99,95)</p><p class="s11">PdNi5</p></td><td><p class="s12">Relays</p></td><td><p class="s12">Micro-profiles (weld tapes), contact rivets, welded contact parts</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PdCu15</p><p class="s11">PdCu40</p></td><td><p class="s12">Automotive flasher relays</p></td><td><p class="s12">Micro-profiles, composite contact rivets</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pd35AuAgPt</p><p class="s11">Pd44Ag38Cu15</p><p class="s11">PtAuZn</p><p class="s11">Pd40Co40W20</p></td><td><p class="s12">Potentiometers, slip rings, miniature</p><p class="s12">DC motors</p></td><td><p class="s12">Wire-formed parts, welded wire segments, multi-arm sliding contact brushes</p></td></tr></table>
 
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tr><td><p class="s11">Material</p></td><td><p class="s12">Application Examples</p></td><td><p class="s12">Forms of Supply</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pt (99,95)</p></td><td><p class="s12">Relays</p></td><td><p class="s12">Contact rivets, welded contact parts</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtIr5</p><p class="s11">PtIr10</p><p class="s11">PtRu10</p><p class="s11">PtNi8</p><p class="s11">PtW5</p></td><td><p class="s12">Relays, sliding contact systems,</p><p class="s12">automotive ignition breaker points</p></td><td><p class="s12">Semi-finished Contact Materials:</p><p class="s12">Wire, seam-welded contact profiles</p><p class="s12">Contact Parts:</p><p class="s12">Tips, wire-formed parts, solid and composite contact rivets, welded contact parts</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pd (99,95)</p><p class="s11">PdNi5</p></td><td><p class="s12">Relays</p></td><td><p class="s12">Micro-profiles (weld tapes), contact rivets, welded contact parts</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PdCu15</p><p class="s11">PdCu40</p></td><td><p class="s12">Automotive flasher relays</p></td><td><p class="s12">Micro-profiles, composite contact rivets</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pd35AuAgPt</p><p class="s11">Pd44Ag38Cu15</p><p class="s11">PtAuZn</p><p class="s11">Pd40Co40W20</p></td><td><p class="s12">Potentiometers, slip rings, miniature</p><p class="s12">DC motors</p></td><td><p class="s12">Wire-formed parts, welded wire segments, multi-arm sliding contact brushes</p></td></tr></table>
 +
</figtable>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
[[Contact Materials for Electrical Engineering#References|References]]
 
[[Contact Materials for Electrical Engineering#References|References]]

Revision as of 10:48, 13 February 2014

The platinum group metals include the elements Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, and Os (Table 2.6). For electrical contacts platinum and palladium have practical significance as base alloy materials and ruthenium and iridium are used as alloying components. Pt and Pd have similar corrosion resistance as gold but because of their catalytical properties they tend to polymerize adsorbed organic vapors on contact surfaces. During frictional movement between contact surfaces the polymerized compounds known as “brown powder” are formed which can lead to significantly increase in contact resistance. Therefore Pt and Pd are typically used as alloys and not in their pure form for electrical contact applications.

Rhodium is not used as a solid contact material but is applied for example as a electroplated layer in sliding contact systems. Ruthenium is mostly used as an alloying component in the material PdRu15. The metals osmium and iridium have no practical applications in electrical contacts.

Since Pd was for the longest time rather stable in price it was looked at as a substitute for the more expensive gold. This was followed by a steep increase in the Pd price which caused a significant reduction in its use in electrical contacts. Today (2011) the Pd price again is lower than that of gold.

Alloys of Pt with Ru, Ir, Ni, and W were widely used in electromechanical components in the telecommunication industry and in heavy duty automotive breaker points (Table 2.7). Today these components have been replaced in many applications by solid state technology and the usage of these materials is greatly reduced. Pd alloys however have a more significant importance. PdCu15 is widely used for example in automotive flasher relays. Because of their resistance to sulfide formation PdAg alloys are applied in various relay designs. The ability to thermally precipitation harden some multi component alloys based on PdAgAuPt they find special usage in wear resistant sliding contact applications. Pd44Ag38Cu15PtAuZn is a standard alloy in this group.

Platinum and palladium alloys are mainly used similar to the gold based materials in the form of welded wire and profile segments but rarely as contact rivets. Because of the high precious metal prices joining technologies are used that allow the most economic application of the contact alloy in the area where functionally needed. Because of their resistance to material transfer they are used for DC applications and due to their higher arc erosion resistance they are applied for medium electrical loads up to about 30W in relays and switches (Table 2.10). Multi-component alloys based on Pd with higher hardness and wear resistance are mainly used as spring arms in sliding contact systems and DC miniature motors.

DEVELOP:ImageLIst

BEGIN=

Table 1 Properties, Production Processes, and Application Forms for Platinum Metals

Table 2

Physical Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys

Table 3 Table 2.8: Mechanical Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys

??? Fig. 2.25: Influence of 1-20 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of platinum (Degussa)

??? Fig. 2.26: Influence of 1-22 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of palladium

??? Fig. 2.27: Phase diagram of platinum-iridium


Fig. 2.28: Phase diagram of platinum-nickel

Fig. 2.29: Phase diagram of platinum-tungsten

Fig. 2.30: Phase diagram of palladium-copper

Fig. 2.31: Strain hardening of Pt by cold working

Fig. 2.32: Softening of Pt after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working

Fig. 2.33: Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working

Fig. 2.34: Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working

Fig. 2.35: Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working

Fig. 2.36: Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working

Fig. 2.37: Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working

Fig. 2.38: Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1hr after 80% cold working

Fig. 2.39: Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working

Fig. 2.40: Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working

Fig. 2.41: Softening of PdCu15 after annealing for 0.5 hrs

Fig. 2.42: Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working

Fig. 2.43: Softening of PdCu40 after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working

Fig. 2.44: Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase

Table 2.9: Contact and Switching Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys

Table 2.10: Application Examples and Form of Supply for Platinum Metals and their Alloys

END=

Table 2.6: Properties, Production Processes, and Application Forms for Platinum Metals

Table 1: Properties, Production Processes and Application Forms for Platinum Metals
Table 2.7: Physical Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys
Table 2.8: Mechanical Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys

soft

70% cold worket

soft

70% cold

worket

soft

70% cold

worket

Pt (99,95)

150

360

40

3

40

120

PtIr5

260

550

25

2

85

160

PtIr10

340

570

24

2

105

210

PtRu10

650

1000

24

2

195

320

PtNi8

640

950

22

2

200

320

PtW5

530

860

21

2

150

270

Pd (99,95)

200

420

42

2

40

90

PdCu15

400

780

38

2

90

220

PdCu40

550

950

35

2

120

260

PdNi5

Pd35AuAgPt

340

700

25

2

95

200

420*

Pd44Ag38Cu15

405*

PtAuZn

Pd40Co40W20

680*

*maximum hardness

Influence of 1- 20 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of platinum (Degussa)
Influence of 1-22 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of palladium

No reference identifier provided

No reference identifier provided

No reference identifier provided

No reference identifier provided

No reference identifier provided

No reference identifier provided

No reference identifier provided

No reference identifier provided

No reference identifier provided No reference identifier provided

No reference identifier provided

No reference identifier provided

No reference identifier provided

No reference identifier provided

No reference identifier provided

References

References