Difference between revisions of "Platinum Metal Based Materials"

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Platinum and palladium alloys are mainly used similar to the gold based materials in the form of welded wire and profile segments but rarely as contact rivets. Because of the high precious metal prices joining technologies are used that allow the most economic application of the contact alloy in the area where functionally needed. Because of their resistance to material transfer they are used for DC applications and due to their higher arc erosion resistance they are applied for medium electrical loads up to about 30W in relays and switches ''(Table 2.10)''. Multi-component alloys based on Pd with higher hardness and wear resistance are mainly used as spring arms in sliding contact systems and DC miniature motors.
 
Platinum and palladium alloys are mainly used similar to the gold based materials in the form of welded wire and profile segments but rarely as contact rivets. Because of the high precious metal prices joining technologies are used that allow the most economic application of the contact alloy in the area where functionally needed. Because of their resistance to material transfer they are used for DC applications and due to their higher arc erosion resistance they are applied for medium electrical loads up to about 30W in relays and switches ''(Table 2.10)''. Multi-component alloys based on Pd with higher hardness and wear resistance are mainly used as spring arms in sliding contact systems and DC miniature motors.
  
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==DEVELOP:ImageLIst==
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===BEGIN====
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Table 2.6: Properties, Production Processes, and Application Forms for Platinum Metals
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[[File:Properties production platinum metals.jpg|right|thumb|Properties, Production Processes and Application Forms for Platinum Metals]]
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Table 2.7: Physical Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys
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'''Table 2.8: Mechanical Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys'''
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Fig. 2.25: Influence of 1-20 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of platinum (Degussa)
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[[File:Influence of platinum degussa.jpg|right|thumb|Influence of 1- 20 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of platinum (Degussa)]]
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Fig. 2.26: Influence of 1-22 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of palladium
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[[File:Influence of palladium.jpg|right|thumb|Influence of 1-22 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of palladium]]
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Fig. 2.27: Phase diagram of platinum-iridium
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[[File:Phase diagram of platinum iridium.jpg|right|thumb|Phase diagram of platinum-iridium]]
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Fig. 2.28: Phase diagram of platinum-nickel
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[[File:Phase diagram of platinum nickel.jpg|right|thumb|Phase diagram of platinum-nickel]]
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Fig. 2.29: Phase diagram of platinum-tungsten
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[[File:Phase diagram of palladium copper.jpg|right|thumb|Phase diagram of platinum-tungsten]]
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Fig. 2.30: Phase diagram of palladium-copper
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[[File:Phase diagram of palladium copper2.jpg|right|thumb|Phase diagram of palladium-copper]]
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Fig. 2.31: Strain hardening of Pt by cold working
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[[File:Strain hardening of Pt by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of Pt by cold working]]
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Fig. 2.32: Softening of Pt after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working
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[[File:Softening of Pt after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of Pt after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working]]
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Fig. 2.33: Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working
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[[File:Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working]]
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Fig. 2.34: Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working
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[[File:Softening of PtIr5 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working]]
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Fig. 2.35: Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working
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[[File:Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working]]
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Fig. 2.36: Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working
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[[File:Softening of PtNi8 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working]]
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Fig. 2.37: Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working
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[[File:Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working]]
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Fig. 2.38: Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1hr after 80% cold working
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[[File:Softening of PtW5 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1hr after 80% cold working]]
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Fig. 2.39: Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working
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[[File:Strain hardening of Pd-99 99by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working]]
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Fig. 2.40: Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working
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[[File:Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working]]
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Fig. 2.41: Softening of PdCu15 after annealing for 0.5 hrs
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[[File:Softening of PdCu15 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PdCu15 after annealing for 0.5 hrs]]
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Fig. 2.42: Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working
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[[File:Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working]]
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Fig. 2.43: Softening of PdCu40 after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working
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[[File:Softening of PdCu40 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening of PdCu40 after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working]]
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Fig. 2.44: Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase
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[[File:Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys.jpg|right|thumb|Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase]]
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'''Table 2.9: Contact and Switching Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys'''
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'''Table 2.10: Application Examples and Form of Supply for Platinum Metals and their Alloys'''
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===END====
 
Table 2.6: Properties, Production Processes, and Application Forms for Platinum Metals
 
Table 2.6: Properties, Production Processes, and Application Forms for Platinum Metals
 
[[File:Properties production platinum metals.jpg|right|thumb|Properties, Production Processes and Application Forms for Platinum Metals]]
 
[[File:Properties production platinum metals.jpg|right|thumb|Properties, Production Processes and Application Forms for Platinum Metals]]

Revision as of 10:16, 13 February 2014

The platinum group metals include the elements Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, and Os (Table 2.6). For electrical contacts platinum and palladium have practical significance as base alloy materials and ruthenium and iridium are used as alloying components. Pt and Pd have similar corrosion resistance as gold but because of their catalytical properties they tend to polymerize adsorbed organic vapors on contact surfaces. During frictional movement between contact surfaces the polymerized compounds known as “brown powder” are formed which can lead to significantly increase in contact resistance. Therefore Pt and Pd are typically used as alloys and not in their pure form for electrical contact applications.

Rhodium is not used as a solid contact material but is applied for example as a electroplated layer in sliding contact systems. Ruthenium is mostly used as an alloying component in the material PdRu15. The metals osmium and iridium have no practical applications in electrical contacts.

Since Pd was for the longest time rather stable in price it was looked at as a substitute for the more expensive gold. This was followed by a steep increase in the Pd price which caused a significant reduction in its use in electrical contacts. Today (2011) the Pd price again is lower than that of gold.

Alloys of Pt with Ru, Ir, Ni, and W were widely used in electromechanical components in the telecommunication industry and in heavy duty automotive breaker points (Table 2.7). Today these components have been replaced in many applications by solid state technology and the usage of these materials is greatly reduced. Pd alloys however have a more significant importance. PdCu15 is widely used for example in automotive flasher relays. Because of their resistance to sulfide formation PdAg alloys are applied in various relay designs. The ability to thermally precipitation harden some multi component alloys based on PdAgAuPt they find special usage in wear resistant sliding contact applications. Pd44Ag38Cu15PtAuZn is a standard alloy in this group.

Platinum and palladium alloys are mainly used similar to the gold based materials in the form of welded wire and profile segments but rarely as contact rivets. Because of the high precious metal prices joining technologies are used that allow the most economic application of the contact alloy in the area where functionally needed. Because of their resistance to material transfer they are used for DC applications and due to their higher arc erosion resistance they are applied for medium electrical loads up to about 30W in relays and switches (Table 2.10). Multi-component alloys based on Pd with higher hardness and wear resistance are mainly used as spring arms in sliding contact systems and DC miniature motors.

DEVELOP:ImageLIst

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Table 2.6: Properties, Production Processes, and Application Forms for Platinum Metals

Properties, Production Processes and Application Forms for Platinum Metals

Table 2.7: Physical Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys

Table 2.8: Mechanical Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys

Fig. 2.25: Influence of 1-20 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of platinum (Degussa)

Influence of 1- 20 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of platinum (Degussa)

Fig. 2.26: Influence of 1-22 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of palladium

Influence of 1-22 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of palladium

Fig. 2.27: Phase diagram of platinum-iridium

Phase diagram of platinum-iridium

Fig. 2.28: Phase diagram of platinum-nickel

Phase diagram of platinum-nickel

Fig. 2.29: Phase diagram of platinum-tungsten

Phase diagram of platinum-tungsten

Fig. 2.30: Phase diagram of palladium-copper

Phase diagram of palladium-copper

Fig. 2.31: Strain hardening of Pt by cold working

Strain hardening of Pt by cold working

Fig. 2.32: Softening of Pt after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working

Softening of Pt after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working

Fig. 2.33: Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working

Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working

Fig. 2.34: Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working

Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working

Fig. 2.35: Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working

Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working

Fig. 2.36: Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working

Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working

Fig. 2.37: Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working

Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working

Fig. 2.38: Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1hr after 80% cold working

Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1hr after 80% cold working

Fig. 2.39: Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working

Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working

Fig. 2.40: Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working

Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working

Fig. 2.41: Softening of PdCu15 after annealing for 0.5 hrs

Softening of PdCu15 after annealing for 0.5 hrs

Fig. 2.42: Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working

Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working

Fig. 2.43: Softening of PdCu40 after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working

Softening of PdCu40 after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working

Fig. 2.44: Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase

Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase

Table 2.9: Contact and Switching Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys

Table 2.10: Application Examples and Form of Supply for Platinum Metals and their Alloys


END=

Table 2.6: Properties, Production Processes, and Application Forms for Platinum Metals

Properties, Production Processes and Application Forms for Platinum Metals

Table 2.7: Physical Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys

Table 2.8: Mechanical Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys

soft

70% cold worket

soft

70% cold

worket

soft

70% cold

worket

Pt (99,95)

150

360

40

3

40

120

PtIr5

260

550

25

2

85

160

PtIr10

340

570

24

2

105

210

PtRu10

650

1000

24

2

195

320

PtNi8

640

950

22

2

200

320

PtW5

530

860

21

2

150

270

Pd (99,95)

200

420

42

2

40

90

PdCu15

400

780

38

2

90

220

PdCu40

550

950

35

2

120

260

PdNi5

Pd35AuAgPt

340

700

25

2

95

200

420*

Pd44Ag38Cu15

405*

PtAuZn

Pd40Co40W20

680*

*maximum hardness

Fig. 2.25: Influence of 1-20 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of platinum (Degussa)

Influence of 1- 20 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of platinum (Degussa)

Fig. 2.26: Influence of 1-22 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of palladium

Influence of 1-22 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of palladium

Fig. 2.27: Phase diagram of platinum-iridium

Phase diagram of platinum-iridium

Fig. 2.28: Phase diagram of platinum-nickel

Phase diagram of platinum-nickel

Fig. 2.29: Phase diagram of platinum-tungsten

Phase diagram of platinum-tungsten

Fig. 2.30: Phase diagram of palladium-copper

Phase diagram of palladium-copper

Fig. 2.31: Strain hardening of Pt by cold working

Strain hardening of Pt by cold working

Fig. 2.32: Softening of Pt after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working

Softening of Pt after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working

Fig. 2.33: Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working

Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working

Fig. 2.34: Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working

Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working

Fig. 2.35: Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working

Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working

Fig. 2.36: Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working

Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working

Fig. 2.37: Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working

Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working

Fig. 2.38: Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1hr after 80% cold working

Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1hr after 80% cold working

Fig. 2.39: Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working

Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working

Fig. 2.40: Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working

Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working

Fig. 2.41: Softening of PdCu15 after annealing for 0.5 hrs

Softening of PdCu15 after annealing for 0.5 hrs

Fig. 2.42: Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working

Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working

Fig. 2.43: Softening of PdCu40 after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working

Softening of PdCu40 after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working

Fig. 2.44: Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase

Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase

Table 2.9: Contact and Switching Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys

Material

Properties

Pt

Very high corrosion resistance

PtIr5 - 10

Very high corrosion resistance, low contact resistance

High arc erosion resistance, high hardness

PtRu10

Very high corrosion resistance, low welding tendency

Low contact resistance, very

high hardness

PtNi8

Low material transfer tendency

Very high hardness

PtW5

Low material transfer tendency

High hardness

Pd

Strong tendency to “Brown Powder” formation

Less arc erosion resistant than Pt

PdCu15

PdCu40

Tendency to “Brown Powder” formation

Mostly resistant to material

transfer, high hardness

PdNi5

Strong tendency to “Brown Powder” formation

Low welding tendency

Pd44Ag38Cu15

PtAuZn

High mechanical wear resistance

Standard material for sliding

contact brushes

Table 2.10: Application Examples and Form of Supply for Platinum Metals and their Alloys

Material

Application Examples

Forms of Supply

Pt (99,95)

Relays

Contact rivets, welded contact parts

PtIr5

PtIr10

PtRu10

PtNi8

PtW5

Relays, sliding contact systems,

automotive ignition breaker points

Semi-finished Contact Materials:

Wire, seam-welded contact profiles

Contact Parts:

Tips, wire-formed parts, solid and composite contact rivets, welded contact parts

Pd (99,95)

PdNi5

Relays

Micro-profiles (weld tapes), contact rivets, welded contact parts

PdCu15

PdCu40

Automotive flasher relays

Micro-profiles, composite contact rivets

Pd35AuAgPt

Pd44Ag38Cu15

PtAuZn

Pd40Co40W20

Potentiometers, slip rings, miniature

DC motors

Wire-formed parts, welded wire segments, multi-arm sliding contact brushes

References

References