Difference between revisions of "Switching Contacts"
(→6.4.4 Switching Contacts) |
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− | ===6.4.4 Switching Contacts=== | + | ===<!--6.4.4-->Switching Contacts=== |
+ | <ul> | ||
+ | <li>'''Effects during switching operations'''</li> | ||
− | + | <xr id="fig:Contact_opening_with_arc_formation_schematic"/><!--Fig. 6.7:--> Contact opening with arc formation schematic | |
− | |||
− | <xr id="fig: | ||
<div class="multiple-images"> | <div class="multiple-images"> | ||
− | <figure id="fig: | + | <figure id="fig:Contact_opening_with_arc_formation_schematic"> |
[[File:Contact opening with arc formation schematic.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Contact opening with arc formation (schematic)</caption>]] | [[File:Contact opening with arc formation schematic.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Contact opening with arc formation (schematic)</caption>]] | ||
</figure> | </figure> | ||
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<div class="clear"></div> | <div class="clear"></div> | ||
− | + | <li>'''Influence of out-gasing from plastics'''</li> | |
− | <xr id="fig: | + | <xr id="fig:Histogram_of_the_contact_resistance_Rk"/><!--Fig. 6.9:--> Histogram of the contact resistance Rk of an electroplated palladium layer (3 μm) with and without hard gold flash plating (0.2 μm) after exposure with different plastic materials |
− | <xr id="fig: | + | <xr id="fig:Contact resistance with exposure to out gasing from plastics"/><!--Fig. 6.10:--> Contact resistance with exposure to out gasing from plastics as a function of numbers of operations at 6 V<sub>DC</sub>,100 mA: 1 Silicon containing plastic; 2 Plastics with strongly out-gasing components; 3 Plastics with minimal out-gasing components |
<div class="multiple-images"> | <div class="multiple-images"> | ||
− | <figure id="fig: | + | <figure id="fig:Histogram_of_the_contact_resistance_Rk"> |
− | [[File:Histogram of the contact resistance Rk.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Histogram of the contact resistance R<sub>K< /sub> of an electroplated palladium layer (3 μm) with and without hard gold flash plating (0.2 μm) after exposure with different plastic materials</caption>]] | + | [[File:Histogram of the contact resistance Rk.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Histogram of the contact resistance R<sub>K</sub> of an electroplated palladium layer (3 μm) with and without hard gold flash plating (0.2 μm) after exposure with different plastic materials</caption>]] |
</figure> | </figure> | ||
− | <figure id="fig: | + | <figure id="fig:Contact resistance with exposure to out gasing from plastics"> |
[[File:Contact resistance with exposure to out gasing from plastics.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Contact resistance with exposure to out-gasing from plastics as a function of numbers of operations at 6 V<sub>DC</sub>,100 mA: 1 Silicon containing plastic; 2 Plastics with strongly out-gasing components; 3 Plastics with minimal out-gasing components</caption>]] | [[File:Contact resistance with exposure to out gasing from plastics.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Contact resistance with exposure to out-gasing from plastics as a function of numbers of operations at 6 V<sub>DC</sub>,100 mA: 1 Silicon containing plastic; 2 Plastics with strongly out-gasing components; 3 Plastics with minimal out-gasing components</caption>]] | ||
</figure> | </figure> | ||
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<div class="clear"></div> | <div class="clear"></div> | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | + | <li>'''Influence of corrosive gases on the contact resistance'''</li> | |
− | Fig. 6.11: Distribution of cumulative frequency H of the contact resistance for solid contact rivets | + | <xr id="fig:Distribution of cumulative frequency H of the contact resistance for solid contact rivets"/><!--Fig. 6.11:--> Distribution of cumulative frequency H of the contact resistance for solid contact rivets after 10 days exposure in a three-component test environment with 400 ppb each of H<sub>2</sub>S, SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub> at 25°C, 75% RH; Contact force 10cN; Measuring parameters: ≤ 40 mV<sub>DC</sub>,10 mA; Probing |
− | after 10 days exposure in a three-component test environment with 400 ppb each of H<sub>2</sub>S, SO<sub>2</sub> and | ||
− | NO<sub>2</sub> at 25°C, 75% RH; Contact force 10cN; Measuring parameters: ≤ 40 mV<sub>DC</sub>,10 mA; Probing | ||
contact: Gold rivet | contact: Gold rivet | ||
− | + | <div class="multiple-images"> | |
+ | <figure id="fig:Distribution of cumulative frequency H of the contact resistance for solid contact rivets"> | ||
+ | [[File:Distribution of cumulative frequency H of the contact resistance for solid contact rivets.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Distribution of cumulative frequency H of the contact resistance for solid contact rivets after 10 days exposure in a three-component test environment with 400 ppb each of H<sub>2</sub>S, SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub> at 25°C, 75% RH; Contact force 10cN; Measuring parameters: ≤ 40 mV<sub>DC</sub>,10 mA; Probing | ||
+ | contact: Gold rivet</caption>]] | ||
+ | </figure> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <div class="clear"></div> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | [[File:Influences on contact areas in relays.jpg|right|thumb|Influences on contact areas in relays]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | <li>'''Contact Phenomena under the influence of arcing Matertia'''</li> | ||
+ | <ul> | ||
+ | <li>'''Material transfer'''</li> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <xr id="fig:Material transfer under DC load"/><!--Fig. 6.12:--> Material transfer under DC load a) Cathode; b) Anode. <br /> Material: AgNi0.15; Switching parameters: 12V<sub>DC</sub>, 3 A, 2x10<sup>6</sup> operations | ||
+ | <div class="multiple-images"><figure id="fig:Material transfer under DC load">[[File:Material transfer under DC load.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Material transfer under DC load a) Cathode; b) Anode. <br /> Material: AgNi0.15; Switching parameters: 12V<sub>DC</sub>, 3 A, 2x10<sup>6</sup> perations</caption>]]</figure></div> | ||
+ | <div class="clear"></div> | ||
− | + | <li>'''Arc erosion'''</li> | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | + | <xr id="fig:Arc erosion of a AgSnO2 contact pair after extreme arcing conditions"/><!--Fig. 6.13:--> Arc erosion of a Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub> contact pair after extreme arcing conditions a) Overall view; b) Partial detail view | |
− | + | <div class="multiple-images"><figure id="fig:Arc erosion of a AgSnO2 contact pair after extreme arcing conditions">[[File:Arc erosion of a AgSnO2 contact pair after extreme arcing conditions.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Arc erosion of a Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub> contact pair after extreme arcing conditions a) Overall view; b) Partial detail view</caption>]]</figure></div> | |
− | a) Overall view; b) Partial detail view | + | <div class="clear"></div> |
− | + | <li>'''Contact welding'''</li> | |
− | Fig. 6.14: Micro structure of a welded contact pair (Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub> 88/12 - Ag/CdO88/12) | + | |
− | after extremely high current load. a) Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub> 88/12; b) Ag/CdO88/12 | + | <xr id="fig:Micro structure of a welded contact pair after extremely high current load"/><!--Fig. 6.14:--> Micro structure of a welded contact pair (Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>88/12 - Ag/CdO88/12) after extremely high current load. a) Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>88/12; b) Ag/CdO88/12 |
+ | |||
+ | <div class="multiple-images"> | ||
+ | <figure id="fig:Micro structure of a welded contact pair after extremely high current load"> | ||
+ | [[File:Micro structure of a welded contact pair after extremely high current load.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure of a welded contact pair (Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>88/12 - Ag/CdO88/12) after extremely high current load. a) Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>88/12; b) Ag/CdO88/12</caption>]] | ||
+ | </figure> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <div class="clear"></div> | ||
+ | </ul> | ||
+ | </ul> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
[[Application Tables and Guideline Data for Use of Electrical Contact Design#References|References]] | [[Application Tables and Guideline Data for Use of Electrical Contact Design#References|References]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[de:Schaltende Kontakte]] |
Revision as of 14:41, 17 September 2014
Switching Contacts
- Effects during switching operations
- Influence of out-gasing from plastics
- Influence of corrosive gases on the contact resistance
- Contact Phenomena under the influence of arcing Matertia
- Material transfer
- Arc erosion
- Contact welding
Figure 1 Contact opening with arc formation schematic
Figure 2 Histogram of the contact resistance Rk of an electroplated palladium layer (3 μm) with and without hard gold flash plating (0.2 μm) after exposure with different plastic materials
Figure 3 Contact resistance with exposure to out gasing from plastics as a function of numbers of operations at 6 VDC,100 mA: 1 Silicon containing plastic; 2 Plastics with strongly out-gasing components; 3 Plastics with minimal out-gasing components
Figure 4 Distribution of cumulative frequency H of the contact resistance for solid contact rivets after 10 days exposure in a three-component test environment with 400 ppb each of H2S, SO2 and NO2 at 25°C, 75% RH; Contact force 10cN; Measuring parameters: ≤ 40 mVDC,10 mA; Probing contact: Gold rivet
Figure 5 Material transfer under DC load a) Cathode; b) Anode.
Material: AgNi0.15; Switching parameters: 12VDC, 3 A, 2x106 operations
Figure 6 Arc erosion of a Ag/SnO2 contact pair after extreme arcing conditions a) Overall view; b) Partial detail view
Figure 7 Micro structure of a welded contact pair (Ag/SnO288/12 - Ag/CdO88/12) after extremely high current load. a) Ag/SnO288/12; b) Ag/CdO88/12