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| − | The following tables list the physical properties of the most technically significant pure metals as well as carbon. The values given may vary considerably, depending on the degree of purity and sometimes they are also difficult to determine. In compiling the data from the available literature, we selected those that are currently the most probable. Some properties are anisotropic and vary with the crystalline structure of the metal.</onlyinclude> In those cases, we listed the value applicable to the poly-crystalline stage. <br> | + | <onlyinclude>The following tables list the physical properties of the most technically significant pure metals as well as carbon. The values given may vary considerably depending on the degree of purity and sometimes they are also difficult to determine. In compiling the data from the available literature we selected those that are currently the most probable. Some properties are anisotropic and vary with the crystalline structure of the metal.<onlyinclude> In those cases, whenever possible, we listed the value applicable to the poly-crystalline stage. <br> |
| | | | |
| − | <figtable id="tab:Mechanical Properties of the Most Important Metals">
| + | '''Table 1.1: Mechanical Properties of the Most Important Metals''' |
| − | <caption>'''Mechanical Properties of the Most Important Metals'''</caption>
| |
| | | | |
| − | {| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
| + | Table 1.2: Atomic Properties of the Most Important Metals |
| − | |-
| |
| − | !Element/Metal
| |
| − | !Density [[#text-reference|<sup>1</sup>]]
| |
| − | [g/cm³]
| |
| − | !Modulus of
| |
| − | Elasticity [[#text-reference|<sup>1</sup>]][GPa]
| |
| − | !Shear Modulus
| |
| − | [GPa]
| |
| − | !Transvers Contraction Coeffic.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Aluminum
| |
| − | |2.70
| |
| − | |65
| |
| − | |27
| |
| − | |0.34
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Antimony
| |
| − | |6.62
| |
| − | |56
| |
| − | |20.4
| |
| − | |0.28
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Beryllium
| |
| − | |1.85
| |
| − | |298
| |
| − | |150
| |
| − | |0.12
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Lead
| |
| − | |11.36
| |
| − | |14.5
| |
| − | |6
| |
| − | |0.44
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Cadmium
| |
| − | |8.65
| |
| − | |57.5
| |
| − | |29
| |
| − | |0.30
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Chromium
| |
| − | |7.19
| |
| − | |160
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0.25
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Iron
| |
| − | |7.89
| |
| − | |208
| |
| − | |83
| |
| − | |0.28
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Gallium
| |
| − | |5.91
| |
| − | |9.6
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0.46
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Gold
| |
| − | |19.32
| |
| − | |79
| |
| − | |28
| |
| − | |0.42
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Indium
| |
| − | |7.31
| |
| − | |11
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0.45
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Iridium
| |
| − | |22.65
| |
| − | |538
| |
| − | |214
| |
| − | |0.26
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Cobalt
| |
| − | |8.85
| |
| − | |216
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0.31
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Carbon (Graphite)
| |
| − | |2.1-2.3
| |
| − | |5
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Copper
| |
| − | |8.95
| |
| − | |115
| |
| − | |48
| |
| − | |0.34
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Magnesium
| |
| − | |1.74
| |
| − | |46
| |
| − | |18
| |
| − | |0.28
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Manganese
| |
| − | |7.43
| |
| − | |165
| |
| − | |77
| |
| − | |0.24
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Molybdenum
| |
| − | |10.21
| |
| − | |347
| |
| − | |122
| |
| − | |0.30
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Nickel
| |
| − | |8.90
| |
| − | |216
| |
| − | |83
| |
| − | |0.31
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Niobium
| |
| − | |8.57
| |
| − | |113
| |
| − | |39
| |
| − | |0.38
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Osmium
| |
| − | |22.61
| |
| − | |570
| |
| − | |220
| |
| − | |0.25
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Palladium
| |
| − | |12.02
| |
| − | |124
| |
| − | |51
| |
| − | |0.39
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Platinum
| |
| − | |21.45
| |
| − | |173
| |
| − | |67
| |
| − | |0.39
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Mercury
| |
| − | |13.55
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Rhenium
| |
| − | |21.04
| |
| − | |480
| |
| − | |215
| |
| − | |0.26
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Rhodium
| |
| − | |12.41
| |
| − | |386
| |
| − | |153
| |
| − | |0.26
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Ruthenium
| |
| − | |12.45
| |
| − | |485
| |
| − | |172
| |
| − | |0.29
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Silver
| |
| − | |10.49
| |
| − | |82
| |
| − | |27
| |
| − | |0.37
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Tantalum
| |
| − | |16.60
| |
| − | |188
| |
| − | |70
| |
| − | |0.35
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Titanium
| |
| − | |4.51
| |
| − | |120
| |
| − | |43
| |
| − | |0.34
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Vanadium
| |
| − | |6.10
| |
| − | |136
| |
| − | |52
| |
| − | |0.36
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Bismuth
| |
| − | |9.80
| |
| − | |33
| |
| − | |13
| |
| − | |0.33
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Tungsten
| |
| − | |19.32
| |
| − | |360
| |
| − | |158
| |
| − | |0.30
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Zinc
| |
| − | |7.13
| |
| − | |96
| |
| − | |36
| |
| − | |0.29
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Tin
| |
| − | |7.30
| |
| − | |47
| |
| − | |18
| |
| − | |0.33
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Zirconium
| |
| − | |6.49
| |
| − | |98
| |
| − | |36
| |
| − | |0.33
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | <div id="text-reference"><sub>1</sub> at 20°C</div>
| |
| − | </figtable>
| |
| − | <br/>
| |
| − | <br/>
| |
| − | <figtable id="tab:Atomic properties of the most important metals">
| |
| − | <caption>'''Atomic properties of the most important metals'''</caption>
| |
| | | | |
| − | {| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
| + | Table 1.3: Thermal Properties of the Most Important Metals |
| − | |-
| |
| − | !Element/Metal
| |
| − | !Chemical<br/>Symbol
| |
| − | !Atomic Number
| |
| − | !Atomic Weight
| |
| − | !Crystal Structure [[#text-reference1|<sup>1</sup>]]
| |
| − | !Lattic Parameters [[#text-reference1|<sup>1</sup>]]<br />a or b [[#text-reference2|<sup>2</sup>]]<br />[10<sup>10</sup>m]
| |
| − | !Lattic Parameters [[#text-reference1|<sup>1</sup>]]<br />a or b [[#text-reference2|<sup>2</sup>]]<br />[10<sup>-10</sup>m]
| |
| − | !Work Function<br />[eV]
| |
| − | !Ionization Potential<br/>[eV]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Aluminum
| |
| − | |Al
| |
| − | |13
| |
| − | |26,98
| |
| − | |foc
| |
| − | |4,049
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |4,08 - 4,3
| |
| − | |5,98
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Antimony
| |
| − | |Sb
| |
| − | |51
| |
| − | |121,75
| |
| − | |rhl
| |
| − | |4,507
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |4,1
| |
| − | |8,64
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Beryllium
| |
| − | |Be
| |
| − | |4
| |
| − | |9,01
| |
| − | |hcp
| |
| − | |2,286
| |
| − | |3,584
| |
| − | |3,2 - 3,9
| |
| − | |9,32
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Lead
| |
| − | |Pb
| |
| − | |87
| |
| − | |207,19
| |
| − | |fcc
| |
| − | |4,949
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |4,0 - 4,1
| |
| − | |7,42
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Cadmium
| |
| − | |Cd
| |
| − | |48
| |
| − | |112,40
| |
| − | |hcp
| |
| − | |2,979
| |
| − | |5,617
| |
| − | |3,7 - 4,1
| |
| − | |8,99
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Chromium
| |
| − | |Cr
| |
| − | |24
| |
| − | |52,00
| |
| − | |bcc
| |
| − | |2,884
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |4,4 - 4,7
| |
| − | |6,76
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Iron
| |
| − | |Fe
| |
| − | |26
| |
| − | |55,85
| |
| − | |bcc
| |
| − | |2,866
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |4,1 - 4,5
| |
| − | |7,9
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Gallium
| |
| − | |Ga
| |
| − | |31
| |
| − | |69,72
| |
| − | |ort
| |
| − | |4,524
| |
| − | |7,661
| |
| − | |3,8 - 4,1
| |
| − | |6,0
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Gold
| |
| − | |Au
| |
| − | |79
| |
| − | |196,97
| |
| − | |fcc
| |
| − | |4,078
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |4,3 - 5,1
| |
| − | |9,22
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Indium
| |
| − | |In
| |
| − | |49
| |
| − | |114,82
| |
| − | |tet
| |
| − | |4,594
| |
| − | |4,951
| |
| − | |4,0
| |
| − | |5,79
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Iridium
| |
| − | |Ir
| |
| − | |77
| |
| − | |192,20
| |
| − | |fcc
| |
| − | |3,839
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |4,6 - 5,3
| |
| − | |9,1
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Cobalt
| |
| − | |Co
| |
| − | |27
| |
| − | |58,93
| |
| − | |hcp
| |
| − | |2,507
| |
| − | |4,069
| |
| − | |4,4 - 4,6
| |
| − | |7,86
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Carbon (Graphite)
| |
| − | |C
| |
| − | |6
| |
| − | |12,01
| |
| − | |hcp-layered lattic[[#text-reference3|<sup>3</sup>]]
| |
| − | |2,456
| |
| − | |6,696
| |
| − | |4,8
| |
| − | |11,27
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Copper
| |
| − | |Cu
| |
| − | |29
| |
| − | |63,54
| |
| − | |fcc
| |
| − | |3,615
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |4,4
| |
| − | |7,72
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Magnesium
| |
| − | |Mg
| |
| − | |12
| |
| − | |24,31
| |
| − | |hcp
| |
| − | |3,209
| |
| − | |5,210
| |
| − | |3,7
| |
| − | |7,64
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Manganese
| |
| − | |Mn
| |
| − | |25
| |
| − | |54,94
| |
| − | |complex cubic
| |
| − | |8,912
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |3,8 - 4,1
| |
| − | |6,0
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Molybdenum
| |
| − | |Mo
| |
| − | |42
| |
| − | |95,94
| |
| − | |bcc
| |
| − | |3,147
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |4,1 - 4,5
| |
| − | |7,18
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Nickel
| |
| − | |Ni
| |
| − | |28
| |
| − | |58,71
| |
| − | |fcc
| |
| − | |3,524
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |5,0 - 5,2
| |
| − | |7,63
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Niobium
| |
| − | |Nb
| |
| − | |41
| |
| − | |92,91
| |
| − | |bcc
| |
| − | |3,301
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |4,0
| |
| − | |6,77
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Osmium
| |
| − | |Os
| |
| − | |76
| |
| − | |190,23
| |
| − | |hcp
| |
| − | |2,734
| |
| − | |4,320
| |
| − | |4,5
| |
| − | |8,7
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Palladium
| |
| − | |Pd
| |
| − | |46
| |
| − | |106,40
| |
| − | |fcc
| |
| − | |3,890
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |4,5 - 5,0
| |
| − | |8,34
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Platinum
| |
| − | |Pt
| |
| − | |78
| |
| − | |195,09
| |
| − | |fcc
| |
| − | |3,931
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |4,1 - 5,5
| |
| − | |9,0
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Mercury
| |
| − | |Hg
| |
| − | |80
| |
| − | |200,59
| |
| − | |rhl[[#text-reference4|<sup>4</sup>]]
| |
| − | |3,061[[#text-reference4|<sup>4</sup>]]
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |4,5
| |
| − | |10,44
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Rhenium
| |
| − | |Re
| |
| − | |75
| |
| − | |186,20
| |
| − | |hcp
| |
| − | |2,760
| |
| − | |4,458
| |
| − | |4,7 - 5,0
| |
| − | |7,8
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Rhodium
| |
| − | |Rh
| |
| − | |45
| |
| − | |102,91
| |
| − | |fcc
| |
| − | |3,804
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |4,6 - 4,9
| |
| − | |7,46
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Ruthenium
| |
| − | |Ru
| |
| − | |44
| |
| − | |101,07
| |
| − | |hcp
| |
| − | |2,704
| |
| − | |4,281
| |
| − | |4,5
| |
| − | |7,37
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Silver
| |
| − | |Ag
| |
| − | |47
| |
| − | |107,87
| |
| − | |fcc
| |
| − | |4,086
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |4,3
| |
| − | |7,57
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Tantalum
| |
| − | |Ta
| |
| − | |73
| |
| − | |180,95
| |
| − | |bcc
| |
| − | |3,303
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |4,0 - 4,2
| |
| − | |7,89
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Titanium
| |
| − | |Ti
| |
| − | |2
| |
| − | |47,90
| |
| − | |hcp
| |
| − | |2,950
| |
| − | |4,683
| |
| − | |4,0 - 4,4
| |
| − | |6,83
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Vanadium
| |
| − | |V
| |
| − | |23
| |
| − | |50,94
| |
| − | |bcc
| |
| − | |3,039
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |3,8 - 4,2
| |
| − | |6,71
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Bismuth
| |
| − | |Bi
| |
| − | |83
| |
| − | |208,98
| |
| − | |rhl
| |
| − | |4,746
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |4,1 - 4,5
| |
| − | |8,0
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Tungsten
| |
| − | |W
| |
| − | |74
| |
| − | |183,85
| |
| − | |bcc
| |
| − | |3,158
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |4,3 - 5,0
| |
| − | |7,98
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Zinc
| |
| − | |Zn
| |
| − | |30
| |
| − | |65,37
| |
| − | |hcp
| |
| − | |2,665
| |
| − | |4,947
| |
| − | |3,1 - 4,3
| |
| − | |9,39
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Tin
| |
| − | |Sn
| |
| − | |50
| |
| − | |118,69
| |
| − | |tet
| |
| − | |5,831
| |
| − | |3,181
| |
| − | |3,6 - 4,1
| |
| − | |7,33
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Zirconium
| |
| − | |Zr
| |
| − | |40
| |
| − | |91,22
| |
| − | |hcp
| |
| − | |3,231
| |
| − | |5,148
| |
| − | |3,7 - 4,3
| |
| − | |6,92
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | <div id="text-reference1"><sub>1</sub> at 20°C</div>
| |
| − | <div id="text-reference2"><sub>2</sub> for rhombohedral crystals, the rhombohedra angle α is given in angle degrees and minutes; for orthorhombic crystals the parameter β is shown in m x 10<sup>-10</sup></div>
| |
| − | <div id="text-reference3"><sub>3</sub> α-crystal</div>
| |
| − | <div id="text-reference4"><sub>4</sub> at -50°C</div>
| |
| − | </figtable>
| |
| − | fcc = cubic face cenered // bcc = cubic body centered // hcp = hexagonal dense spherical
| |
| − | ort = orthorhombic // tet = tetragonal // rhl = rhombohedral
| |
| − | <br/>
| |
| − | <br/>
| |
| − | <figtable id="tab:Thermal properties of the most important metals">
| |
| − | <caption>'''Thermal properties of the most important metals'''</caption>
| |
| | | | |
| − | {| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
| + | Table 1.4: Electrical Properties of the Most Important Metals |
| − | |-
| |
| − | !Element/Metal
| |
| − | !Specific Heat [[#text-reference5|<sup>1</sup>]]<br/>[kJ/(K*kg)]
| |
| − | !Softening<br/>Temperature<br/>[°C]
| |
| − | !Melting Point<br/>[°C]
| |
| − | !Heat of Fusion<br/>[kJ/kg]
| |
| − | !Vapor Pressure<br/>at Melting Point<br/>[Pa]
| |
| − | !Boiling Point<br/>[°C]
| |
| − | !Heat of Vaporizing<br />[kJ/g]
| |
| − | !Thermal<br/>Conductivity<br/>[W/(m*K)]
| |
| − | !Linear Expansion<br/>Coefficient[[#text-reference6|<sup>2</sup>]]<br />[10<sup>-6</sup>m/K]
| |
| − | !Volume Change at<br/>Solidification<br/>[%]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Aluminum
| |
| − | |0,900
| |
| − | |150
| |
| − | |660
| |
| − | |398
| |
| − | |2,5x10<sup>-6</sup>
| |
| − | |2467
| |
| − | |10,47
| |
| − | |237
| |
| − | |23,6
| |
| − | | -6,5
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Antimony
| |
| − | |0,210
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |630
| |
| − | |163
| |
| − | |2,5x10<sup>-9</sup>
| |
| − | |1587
| |
| − | |1,97
| |
| − | |24,3
| |
| − | |10,5
| |
| − | | +9,5
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Beryllium
| |
| − | |1,824
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |1277
| |
| − | |1090
| |
| − | |4,3
| |
| − | |2477
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |200
| |
| − | |12,3
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Lead
| |
| − | |0,130
| |
| − | |200
| |
| − | |327
| |
| − | |25
| |
| − | |4,21x10<sup>-7</sup>
| |
| − | |1750
| |
| − | |24,70
| |
| − | |35,3
| |
| − | |29,3
| |
| − | | -3,5
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Cadmium
| |
| − | |0,230
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |321
| |
| − | |54
| |
| − | |14,8
| |
| − | |767
| |
| − | |0,88
| |
| − | |96,8
| |
| − | |41,0
| |
| − | | -4,0
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Chromium
| |
| − | |0,450
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |1857
| |
| − | |314
| |
| − | |990
| |
| − | |2672
| |
| − | |5,86
| |
| − | |93,7
| |
| − | |6,2
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Iron
| |
| − | |0,444
| |
| − | |500
| |
| − | |1537
| |
| − | |268
| |
| − | |7,05
| |
| − | |2750
| |
| − | |80,2
| |
| − | |12,2
| |
| − | | -3,0
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Gallium
| |
| − | |0,370
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |29,8
| |
| − | |80,4
| |
| − | |9,6x10<sup>-36</sup>
| |
| − | |2204
| |
| − | |3,90
| |
| − | |40,6
| |
| − | |18,0
| |
| − | | +3,0
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Gold
| |
| − | |0,128
| |
| − | |100
| |
| − | |1064
| |
| − | |63
| |
| − | |2,4x10<sup>-3</sup>
| |
| − | |3080
| |
| − | |1,55
| |
| − | |317
| |
| − | |14,3
| |
| − | | -5,1
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Indium
| |
| − | |0,233
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |157
| |
| − | |28,5
| |
| − | |1,5x10<sup>-17</sup>
| |
| − | |2072
| |
| − | |1,97
| |
| − | |81,6
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | | -2,5
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Iridium
| |
| − | |0,130
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |2410
| |
| − | |144
| |
| − | |1,5
| |
| − | |4130
| |
| − | |3,31
| |
| − | |147
| |
| − | |6,5
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Cobalt
| |
| − | |0,420
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |1495
| |
| − | |260
| |
| − | |175
| |
| − | |2927
| |
| − | |6,66
| |
| − | |100
| |
| − | |13,8
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Carbon (Graphite)
| |
| − | |0,720
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |3825 sublimiert
| |
| − | |119 - 165
| |
| − | |155
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Copper
| |
| − | |0,385
| |
| − | |190
| |
| − | |1084
| |
| − | |205
| |
| − | |5,2x10<sup>-2</sup>
| |
| − | |2567
| |
| − | |4,77
| |
| − | |401
| |
| − | |16,5
| |
| − | | -4,2
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Magnesium
| |
| − | |1,020
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |650
| |
| − | |373
| |
| − | |361
| |
| − | |1107
| |
| − | |5,44
| |
| − | |156
| |
| − | |26,0
| |
| − | | -4,1
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Manganese
| |
| − | |0,480
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |1244
| |
| − | |264
| |
| − | |121
| |
| − | |1962
| |
| − | |4,10
| |
| − | |7,8
| |
| − | |23,0
| |
| − | | -1,7
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Molybdenum
| |
| − | |0,250
| |
| − | |900
| |
| − | |2623
| |
| − | |292
| |
| − | |3,6
| |
| − | |4639
| |
| − | |5,61
| |
| − | |138
| |
| − | |5,2
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Nickel
| |
| − | |0,440
| |
| − | |520
| |
| − | |1453
| |
| − | |301
| |
| − | |237
| |
| − | |2913
| |
| − | |6,45
| |
| − | |90,7
| |
| − | |13,0
| |
| − | | -2,5
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Niobium
| |
| − | |0,272
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |2477
| |
| − | |289
| |
| − | |7,9x10<sup>-2</sup>
| |
| − | |4744
| |
| − | |7,79
| |
| − | |53,7
| |
| − | |7,3
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Osmium
| |
| − | |0,130
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |3045
| |
| − | |141
| |
| − | |2,52
| |
| − | |5012
| |
| − | |3,81
| |
| − | |87,6
| |
| − | |6,5
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Palladium
| |
| − | |0,244
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |1554
| |
| − | |143
| |
| − | |1,33
| |
| − | |2970
| |
| − | |3,48
| |
| − | |71,8
| |
| − | |11,1
| |
| − | | -5,5
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Platinum
| |
| − | |0,130
| |
| − | |540
| |
| − | |1772
| |
| − | |113
| |
| − | |3,2x10<sup>-2</sup>
| |
| − | |3827
| |
| − | |2,62
| |
| − | |71,6
| |
| − | |9,0
| |
| − | | -6,0
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Mercury
| |
| − | |0,140
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | | -38,9
| |
| − | |11,7
| |
| − | |3,1x10<sup>-4</sup>
| |
| − | |357
| |
| − | |0,29
| |
| − | |8,34
| |
| − | |60,8
| |
| − | | -3,7
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Rhenium
| |
| − | |0,137
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |3186
| |
| − | |178
| |
| − | |3,24
| |
| − | |5596
| |
| − | |3,42
| |
| − | |72
| |
| − | |6,7
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Rhodium
| |
| − | |0,242
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |1966
| |
| − | |211
| |
| − | |6,36x10<sup>-1</sup>
| |
| − | |3695
| |
| − | |5,19
| |
| − | |150
| |
| − | |8,5
| |
| − | | -10,8
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Ruthenium
| |
| − | |0,238
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |2310
| |
| − | |252
| |
| − | |1,4
| |
| − | |4150
| |
| − | |6,62
| |
| − | |117
| |
| − | |9,5
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Silver
| |
| − | |0,232
| |
| − | |180
| |
| − | |961,9
| |
| − | |105
| |
| − | |3,4x10<sup>-1</sup>
| |
| − | |2212
| |
| − | |2,39
| |
| − | |429
| |
| − | |19,5
| |
| − | | -3,8
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Tantalum
| |
| − | |0,140
| |
| − | |850
| |
| − | |3017
| |
| − | |157
| |
| − | |7,86x10<sup>-1</sup>
| |
| − | |5448
| |
| − | |4,32
| |
| − | |57,5
| |
| − | |6,5
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Titanium
| |
| − | |0,520
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |1668
| |
| − | |403
| |
| − | |4,9x10<sup>-1</sup>
| |
| − | |2830
| |
| − | |8,80
| |
| − | |21,9
| |
| − | |10,8
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Vanadium
| |
| − | |0,490
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |1902
| |
| − | |330
| |
| − | |3,06
| |
| − | |3287
| |
| − | |10,3
| |
| − | |30,7
| |
| − | |8,3
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Bismuth
| |
| − | |0,122
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |271
| |
| − | |54
| |
| − | |6,5x10<sup>-4</sup>
| |
| − | |1564
| |
| − | |1,43
| |
| − | |7,87
| |
| − | |14,0
| |
| − | | -0,33
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Tungsten
| |
| − | |0,138
| |
| − | |1000
| |
| − | |3422
| |
| − | |193
| |
| − | |4,27
| |
| − | |5555
| |
| − | |3,98
| |
| − | |174
| |
| − | |4,5
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Zinc
| |
| − | |0,385
| |
| − | |170
| |
| − | |420
| |
| − | |100
| |
| − | |3,06
| |
| − | |907
| |
| − | |1,76
| |
| − | |116
| |
| − | |36,0
| |
| − | | -4,7
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Tin
| |
| − | |0,228
| |
| − | |100
| |
| − | |222
| |
| − | |59
| |
| − | |6x10<sup>-21</sup>
| |
| − | |2602
| |
| − | |1,95
| |
| − | |66,6
| |
| − | |26,7
| |
| − | | -2,8
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Zirconium
| |
| − | |0,281
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |1852
| |
| − | |224
| |
| − | |1,7x10<sup>-3</sup>
| |
| − | |4409
| |
| − | |4,6
| |
| − | |22,7
| |
| − | |5,9
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | <div id="text-reference5"><sub>1</sub> at 20°C</div>
| |
| − | <div id="text-reference6"><sub>2</sub> between 20°C and 100°C</div>
| |
| − | </figtable>
| |
| − | <br/>
| |
| − | <br/>
| |
| − | <figtable id="tab:Electrical Properties of the Most Important Metals">
| |
| − | <caption>'''Electrical Properties of the Most Important Metals'''</caption>
| |
| | | | |
| − | {| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
| + | References |
| − | |-
| |
| − | !Element/Metal
| |
| − | !Electrical Resistivity [[#text-reference7|<sup>1</sup>]]<br/>[Ω*mm<sup>2</sup>/m]
| |
| − | !Electrical Conductivity[[#text-reference7|<sup>1</sup>]]<br/>[MS/m]
| |
| − | !Temperatur Coeff.<br/>of Electrical<br/>Resistance[[#text-reference8|<sup>2</sup>]]<br/>[10<sup>-3</sup>/K]
| |
| − | !Absolute thermal<br/>e.m.f.[[#text-reference9|<sup>3</sup>]]<br/>[µV/K]
| |
| − | !Critical<br/>Superconductor<br/>Temperatur<br/>[K]
| |
| − | !Softening<br/>Voltage<br/>(measured)<br/>[V]
| |
| − | !Melting<br/>Voltage<br/>(measured)<br/>[V]
| |
| − | !Melting<br/>Voltage<br/>(calculated)[[#text-reference10|<sup>4</sup>]]<br/>[V]
| |
| − | !Minimum Arc<br/>Voltage<br/>[V]
| |
| − | !Minimum Arc<br/>Current<br/>[A]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Aluminum
| |
| − | |2,65
| |
| − | |37,7
| |
| − | |4,6
| |
| − | | -1,6
| |
| − | |1,18
| |
| − | |0,1
| |
| − | |0,3
| |
| − | |0,29
| |
| − | |11,2
| |
| − | |0,4
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Antimony
| |
| − | |38,6
| |
| − | |2,6
| |
| − | |5,4
| |
| − | | +20,6 - +46,8
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,2
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,28
| |
| − | |10,5
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Beryllium
| |
| − | |4,2
| |
| − | |23,8
| |
| − | |10,0
| |
| − | | -3,3
| |
| − | |0,026
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,48
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Lead
| |
| − | |19,2
| |
| − | |5,2
| |
| − | |4,2
| |
| − | | -1,2
| |
| − | |7,196
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,19
| |
| − | |0,17
| |
| − | |11,5
| |
| − | |0,1
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Cadmium
| |
| − | |7,50
| |
| − | |13,30
| |
| − | |4,3
| |
| − | | -0,1 - +3,6
| |
| − | |0,52
| |
| − | |0,12
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,17
| |
| − | |12
| |
| − | |0,4
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Chromium
| |
| − | |14,95
| |
| − | |6,7
| |
| − | |3,0
| |
| − | | +14,0
| |
| − | |3,0
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,67
| |
| − | |16
| |
| − | |0,45
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Iron
| |
| − | |9,72
| |
| − | |10,3
| |
| − | |6,6
| |
| − | | +16,0
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,19
| |
| − | |0,6
| |
| − | |0,54
| |
| − | |11,5
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Gallium
| |
| − | |43,2
| |
| − | |2,3
| |
| − | |4,0
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |1,08
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,04
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,35
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Gold
| |
| − | |2,35
| |
| − | |42,6
| |
| − | |4,0
| |
| − | | +1,7
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,08
| |
| − | |0,43
| |
| − | |0,42
| |
| − | |15
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Indium
| |
| − | |8,37
| |
| − | |11,94
| |
| − | |4,9
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |3,41
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,11
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Iridium
| |
| − | |5,31
| |
| − | |18,83
| |
| − | |4,1
| |
| − | | +1,5
| |
| − | |0,11
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,86
| |
| − | |11,5
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Cobalt
| |
| − | |6,24
| |
| − | |16,0
| |
| − | |6,6
| |
| − | | -18,5
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,54
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,01 - 0,02
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Carbon (Graphite)
| |
| − | |30,0
| |
| − | |3,33
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |20
| |
| − | |0,4
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Copper
| |
| − | |1,67
| |
| − | |59,9
| |
| − | |4,3
| |
| − | | +1,7
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,12
| |
| − | |0,43
| |
| − | |0,42
| |
| − | |12 - 13
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Magnesium
| |
| − | |4,42
| |
| − | |22,62
| |
| − | |4,2
| |
| − | | +3,4
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,28
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Manganese
| |
| − | |185,0
| |
| − | |0,54
| |
| − | |0,5
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,47
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,75
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Molybdenum
| |
| − | |5,20
| |
| − | |19,2
| |
| − | |4,7
| |
| − | | +5,9
| |
| − | |0,92
| |
| − | |0,3
| |
| − | |0,75
| |
| − | |0,91
| |
| − | |12
| |
| − | |0,4 -0,5
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Nickel
| |
| − | |6,85
| |
| − | |14,6
| |
| − | |6,8
| |
| − | | -18,9
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,16
| |
| − | |0,65
| |
| − | |0,54
| |
| − | |14
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Niobium
| |
| − | |13,1
| |
| − | |7,6
| |
| − | |3,4
| |
| − | | -0,5
| |
| − | |9,2
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,778
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Osmium
| |
| − | |8,12
| |
| − | |12,31
| |
| − | |4,2
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,66
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |1,04
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,8 -0,9
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Palladium
| |
| − | |10,82
| |
| − | |9,24
| |
| − | |3,8
| |
| − | | -0,9
| |
| − | |3,3
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,57
| |
| − | |0,57
| |
| − | |15 - 16
| |
| − | |0,8 -1,0
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Platinum
| |
| − | |10,54
| |
| − | |9,58
| |
| − | |3,9
| |
| − | | -4,4
| |
| − | |0,0019
| |
| − | |0,25
| |
| − | |0,71
| |
| − | |0,64
| |
| − | |17
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Mercury
| |
| − | |94,9
| |
| − | |1,14
| |
| − | |1,0
| |
| − | | +8,5
| |
| − | |4,15
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,35
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Rhenium
| |
| − | |19,3
| |
| − | |5,2
| |
| − | |4,6
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |1,7
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |1,09
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Rhodium
| |
| − | |4,51
| |
| − | |22,2
| |
| − | |4,4
| |
| − | | +1,7
| |
| − | |0,000325
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,70
| |
| − | |14
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Ruthenium
| |
| − | |7,62
| |
| − | |13,12
| |
| − | |4,6
| |
| − | | -18,0
| |
| − | |0,49
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,81
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,4
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Silver
| |
| − | |1,59
| |
| − | |62,9
| |
| − | |4,3
| |
| − | | +1,4
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,09
| |
| − | |0,37
| |
| − | |0,38
| |
| − | |12
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Tantalum
| |
| − | |12,4
| |
| − | |8,1
| |
| − | |3,5
| |
| − | | -2,3
| |
| − | |4,47
| |
| − | |0,3
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |1,03
| |
| − | |12
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Titanium
| |
| − | |43,5
| |
| − | |2,3
| |
| − | |5,5
| |
| − | | +7,3
| |
| − | |0,4
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,61
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Vanadium
| |
| − | |26,0
| |
| − | |3,8
| |
| − | |3,9
| |
| − | | +1,0
| |
| − | |5,3
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,68
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Bismuth
| |
| − | |12,1
| |
| − | |8,36
| |
| − | |4,5
| |
| − | | -53 - -110
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,15
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Tungsten
| |
| − | |5,65
| |
| − | |17,7
| |
| − | |4,8
| |
| − | | +0,8
| |
| − | |0,0154
| |
| − | |1,1
| |
| − | |1,16
| |
| − | |1,16
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,8 - 1,2
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Zinc
| |
| − | |5,92
| |
| − | |16,9
| |
| − | |4,2
| |
| − | | +0,4 - +2,3
| |
| − | |0,85
| |
| − | |0,17
| |
| − | |0,2
| |
| − | |0,20
| |
| − | |15 - 16
| |
| − | |0,1
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Tin
| |
| − | |11,0
| |
| − | |9,09
| |
| − | |4,6
| |
| − | | -0,6 - -1,5
| |
| − | |3,72
| |
| − | |0,13
| |
| − | |0,14
| |
| − | |0,14
| |
| − | |11
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Zirconium
| |
| − | |43,5
| |
| − | |2,3
| |
| − | |4,4
| |
| − | | +9,5
| |
| − | |0,55
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |0,67
| |
| − | |0,67
| |
| − | |12,5
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | <div id="text-reference7"><sub>1</sub> at 20°C</div>
| |
| − | <div id="text-reference8"><sub>2</sub> near room temperature</div>
| |
| − | <div id="text-reference9"><sub>3</sub> near room temperature, however values for metals with non-cubic structure can vary widely</div>
| |
| − | <div id="text-reference10"><sub>4</sub> Calculated according to U<sub>Melt</sub> = [4L * (T<sup>2</sup><sub>Melt</sub> - T<sup>2</sup><sub>0</sub>)]<sup>1/2</sup> mit
| |
| − | U<sub>Melt</sub>= Melting Voltage, L = Lorenz Constant (2,45x10<sup>-8</sup>[V/K], T<sub>Melt</sub>= Melting Temperature, T<sub>0</sub>= Temperature at a point distant from the constriction spot</div>
| |
| − | </figtable>
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===References===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Metals Handbook, Desk Edition: Chicago, IL, American Society of Metal, 1985
| |
| − | | |
| − | Landolt-Börnstein: Zahlenwerte und Funktionen. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg, 1959
| |
| − | | |
| − | Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 70<sup>th</sup> Edition: CRC Press., Inc. Boca Raton, Florida, 1989 - 1990
| |
| − | | |
| − | Fluck, E.; Heumann, K., G.: Periodensystem der Elemente. Weinheim: VCH-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1986
| |
| − | | |
| − | Kieffer, R.; Jangg, G.; Ettmayer, P.: Sondermetalle. Springer- Verlag, Wien-New York, 1963
| |
| − | | |
| − | Hering, E.; Schulz, W.: Physik für Ingenieure (Periodensystem der Elemente). Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1988
| |
| − | | |
| − | Degussa AG (Hrsg.): Edelmetall-Taschenbuch. Hüthig-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1995
| |
| − | | |
| − | Slade, P.; G. (editor): Electrical Contacts Principles and Applications. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York-Basel, 1999
| |
| − | | |
| − | Gerritsen, A.; N.: Metallic Conductivity in: Flügge, S.: Handbuch der Physik, Bd. 19, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg, 1956
| |
| − | | |
| − | Köster, W.; Franz, H.: Poisson,s Ratio for Metals and Alloys. Metallurg. Reviews 6 (1961)
| |
| − | | |
| − | Nesmeyanow, A., N.: Vapor Pressure of the Chemical Elements: Elsevier, Amsterdam-London-New York, 1963
| |
| − | | |
| − | Wyckoff, R., W., G.: Crystal Structures. Vol 1,New York, 1963
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[de:Physikalische_Eigenschaften_der_wichtigsten_Metalle]]
| |
