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strength which allows a bonding process without significant changes in the 4
microstructure of the material to be joined.
For electrical contacts usually low-melting alloys with a minimum of 20 wt-% silver and additions of cadmium, zinc or tin to lower the melting point are used ''(Table 4.1)''. Because of the toxicity of cadmium most cadmium containing brazing alloys have been replaced by zinc and tin containing brazing alloys. For higher requirements on corrosion resistance or for easier wetting of stainless steel nickel and manganese containing alloys are also used. Using any of these brazing alloys in an air environment is only possible with the addition of oxide reducing fluxes.
For high temperature brazing in vacuum or protective atmosphere vacuum melted silver-copper eutectic brazing alloys are used. These also allow subsequent forming operations due to their higher ductility.
For the brazing of contacts with a silver bottom layer to copper backings phosphorous containing brazing alloys which eliminate the need for a flux application are widely used.
The brazing alloy is typically introduced into the joint area in the form of wire segments, foil, shims, or as powder or paste. For larger production volumes it is economically advantageous to pre-coat contact tips with a thin layer (< 100 µm) of brazing alloy.
=== 4.2 Fluxes ===
Brazing fluxes consist of non-metallic materials, mostly salt mixtures of boron and halogen compounds ''(Table 4.2)''. Their purpose is to remove oxides from
the brazing surfaces and prevent their new build-up in order to allow a thorough wetting of these surfaces by the liquefied brazing alloy. Fluxes have to be activated already at a temperature below the working range of the brazing alloy. They are selected mainly according to the working temperature of the brazing alloy and the base material to be joined.
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DIN 8514 Löten metallischer Werkstoffe. Begriffe, Benennungen
DIN EN 1044 Hartlöten, Lötzusätze
DIN EN 1045 Flussmittel zum Hartlöten
ASM Metals, Handbook: Vol 6 Welding, Brazing, and Soldering,
ASM, Cleveland, OH, 1993
Dorn, L.: Hartlöten, Grundlagen und Anwendungen. Expert-Verlag,
Band 146 (1985)
Krell, A.: Flussmittel und Lötfehler beim Hartlöten. Schweißtechnik,
Berlin, 38 (1988)
DVS-Taschenbuch 196: Beuth-Verlag. Berlin, 1997
Müller, W.: Metallische Lotwerkstoffe. Dt. Verlag für Schweißtechnik,
Düsseldorf 1990
