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Platinum Metal Based Materials

463 bytes added, 17:46, 13 February 2014
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[[File:Properties production platinum metals.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Properties, Production Processes and Application Forms for Platinum Metals</caption>]]
</figtable>
 
<figtable id="fig:Physical_Properties_of_the_Platinum_Metals_and_their_Alloys">
Table 2.7: Physical Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys
'''Table 2.8: Mechanical Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys'''
<figtable id="fig:Mechanical_Properties_of_the_Platinum_Metals_and_their_Alloys">
 
 
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tr><td/><td><p class="s11">soft</p></td><td><p class="s11">70% cold worket</p></td><td><p class="s11">soft</p></td><td><p class="s11">70% cold</p><p class="s11">worket</p></td><td><p class="s11">soft</p></td><td><p class="s11">70% cold</p><p class="s11">worket</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pt (99,95)</p></td><td><p class="s11">150</p></td><td><p class="s11">360</p></td><td><p class="s11">40</p></td><td><p class="s11">3</p></td><td><p class="s11">40</p></td><td><p class="s11">120</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtIr5</p></td><td><p class="s11">260</p></td><td><p class="s11">550</p></td><td><p class="s11">25</p></td><td><p class="s11">2</p></td><td><p class="s11">85</p></td><td><p class="s11">160</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtIr10</p></td><td><p class="s11">340</p></td><td><p class="s11">570</p></td><td><p class="s11">24</p></td><td><p class="s11">2</p></td><td><p class="s11">105</p></td><td><p class="s11">210</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtRu10</p></td><td><p class="s11">650</p></td><td><p class="s11">1000</p></td><td><p class="s11">24</p></td><td><p class="s11">2</p></td><td><p class="s11">195</p></td><td><p class="s11">320</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtNi8</p></td><td><p class="s11">640</p></td><td><p class="s11">950</p></td><td><p class="s11">22</p></td><td><p class="s11">2</p></td><td><p class="s11">200</p></td><td><p class="s11">320</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtW5</p></td><td><p class="s11">530</p></td><td><p class="s11">860</p></td><td><p class="s11">21</p></td><td><p class="s11">2</p></td><td><p class="s11">150</p></td><td><p class="s11">270</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pd (99,95)</p></td><td><p class="s11">200</p></td><td><p class="s11">420</p></td><td><p class="s11">42</p></td><td><p class="s11">2</p></td><td><p class="s11">40</p></td><td><p class="s11">90</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PdCu15</p></td><td><p class="s11">400</p></td><td><p class="s11">780</p></td><td><p class="s11">38</p></td><td><p class="s11">2</p></td><td><p class="s11">90</p></td><td><p class="s11">220</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PdCu40</p></td><td><p class="s11">550</p></td><td><p class="s11">950</p></td><td><p class="s11">35</p></td><td><p class="s11">2</p></td><td><p class="s11">120</p></td><td><p class="s11">260</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PdNi5</p><p class="s11">Pd35AuAgPt</p></td><td><p class="s11">340</p></td><td><p class="s11">700</p></td><td><p class="s11">25</p></td><td><p class="s11">2</p></td><td><p class="s11">95</p></td><td><p class="s11">200</p><p class="s11">420*</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pd44Ag38Cu15</p></td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td><p class="s11">405*</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtAuZn</p><p class="s11">Pd40Co40W20</p></td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td><p class="s11">680*</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s31">*maximum hardness</p></td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr></table>
</figtable>
<figure id="fig:Influence_of_1-20_atom%_of_different_additive_metals_on_the_electrical_resistivit_ p_of_platinum_(Degussa)>[[File:Influence of platinum degussa.jpg|rightleft|thumb|<caption>Influence of 1- 20 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of platinum (Degussa)</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Influence_of_1-20_atom%_of_different_additive_metals_on_the_electrical_resistivit_ p_of_platinum>[[File:Influence of palladium.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Influence of 1-22 atom% of different additive metals on the electrical resistivity p of palladium</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Phase_diagram_of_platinum-iridium">
Fig. 2.27: Phase diagram of platinum-iridium
<figure id="fig:Phase_diagram_of_platinum-iridium">[[File:Phase diagram of platinum iridium.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Phase diagram of platinum-iridium</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Phase_diagram_of_platinum-nickel">
Fig. 2.28: Phase diagram of platinum-nickel
<figure id="fig:Phase_diagram_of_platinum-nickel">[[File:Phase diagram of platinum nickel.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Phase diagram of platinum-nickel</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Phase_diagram_of_platinum-tungsten">
Fig. 2.29: Phase diagram of platinum-tungsten
<figure id="fig:Phase_diagram_of_platinum-tungsten">[[File:Phase diagram of palladium copper.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Phase diagram of platinum-tungsten</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Phase_diagram_of_platinum-copper">
Fig. 2.30: Phase diagram of palladium-copper
<figure id="fig:Phase_diagram_of_platinum-copper">[[File:Phase diagram of palladium copper2.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Phase diagram of palladium-copper</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Strain_hardening_of_Pt_by_cold_working">
Fig. 2.31: Strain hardening of Pt by cold working
<figure id="fig:Strain_hardening_of_Pt_by_cold_working">[[File:Strain hardening of Pt by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of Pt by cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Softening_of_Pt_after_annealing_for_0.5_hrs_after_80%_cold_working">
Fig. 2.32: Softening of Pt after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working
<figure id="fig:Softening_of_Pt_after_annealing_for_0.5_hrs_after_80%_cold_working">[[File:Softening of Pt after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Softening of Pt after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Strain_hardening_of_PtIr5_by_cold_working">
Fig. 2.33: Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working
<figure id="fig:Strain_hardening_of_PtIr5_by_cold_working">[[File:Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of PtIr5 by cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Softening_of_PtIr5_after_annealing_for_1_hr_after_different degrees_cold_working">
Fig. 2.34: Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working
<figure id="fig:Softening_of_PtIr5_after_annealing_for_1_hr_after_different degrees_cold_working">[[File:Softening of PtIr5 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Softening of PtIr5 after annealing for 1 hr after different degrees of cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Strain_hardening_of_PtNi8_by_cold_working">
Fig. 2.35: Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working
<figure id="fig:Strain_hardening_of_PtNi8_by_cold_working">[[File:Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of PtNi8 by cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Softening_of_PtNi8_after_annealing_for_1_hr_after_80%_cold_working">
Fig. 2.36: Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working
<figure id="fig:Softening_of_PtNi8_after_annealing_for_1_hr_after_80%_cold_working">[[File:Softening of PtNi8 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Softening of PtNi8 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Strain_hardening_of_PtW5_by_cold_working">
Fig. 2.37: Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working
<figure id="fig:Strain_hardening_of_PtW5_by_cold_working">[[File:Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of PtW5 by cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Softening_of_PtW5_after_annealing_for_1_hr_after_80%_cold_working">
Fig. 2.38: Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working
<figure id="fig:Softening_of_PtW5_after_annealing_for_1_hr_after_80%_cold_working">[[File:Softening of PtW5 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Softening of PtW5 after annealing for 1 hr after 80% cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="fig:Strain_hardening_of_Pd_99.99_by_cold_working">
Fig. 2.39: Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working
[[File:Strain hardening of Pd-99 99by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of Pd 99.99 by cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Strain_hardening_of_PdCu15_by_cold_working">
Fig. 2.40: Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working
<figure id="fig:Strain_hardening_of_PdCu15_by_cold_working">[[File:Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of PdCu15 by cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Softening_of_PdCu15_after_annealing_for_0.5_hrs"> 
Fig. 2.41: Softening of PdCu15 after annealing for 0.5 hrs
<figure id="fig:Softening_of_PdCu15_after_annealing_for_0.5_hrs">[[File:Softening of PdCu15 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|Softening vSoftening of PdCu15 after annealing for 0.5 hrs</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Strain_hardening_of_PdCu40_by_cold_working">
Fig. 2.42: Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working
<figure id="fig:Strain_hardening_of_PdCu40_by_cold_working">[[File:Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of PdCu40 by cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Softening_of_PdCu40_after_annealing_for_0.5_hrs_after_80%_cold_working">
Fig. 2.43: Softening of PdCu40 after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working
<figure id="fig:Softening_of_PdCu40_after_annealing_for_0.5_hrs_after_80%_cold_working">[[File:Softening of PdCu40 after annealing.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Softening of PdCu40 after annealing for 0.5 hrs after 80% cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id=Electrical_resistivity_p_of_PdCu_alloys">
Fig. 2.44: Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase
<figure id="fig:Electrical_resistivity_p_of_PdCu_alloys">[[File:Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys.jpg|right|thumb|<caption>Electrical resistivity p of PdCu alloys with and without an annealing step for forming an ordered phase</caption>]]
</figure>
<figtable id="Contact_and_Switching_Properties_of_the_Platinum_Metals_and_their_Alloys">'''Table 2.9: Contact and Switching Properties of the Platinum Metals and their Alloys'''<figtable id="fig:Contact_and_Switching_Properties_of_the_Platinum_Metals_and_their_Alloys">
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tr><td><p class="s11">Material</p></td><td><p class="s12">Properties</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pt</p></td><td><p class="s12">Very high corrosion resistance</p></td><td/></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtIr5 - 10</p></td><td><p class="s12">Very high corrosion resistance, low contact resistance</p></td><td><p class="s12">High arc erosion resistance, high hardness</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtRu10</p></td><td><p class="s12">Very high corrosion resistance, low welding tendency</p></td><td><p class="s12">Low contact resistance, very</p><p class="s12">high hardness</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtNi8</p></td><td><p class="s12">Low material transfer tendency</p></td><td><p class="s12">Very high hardness</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtW5</p></td><td><p class="s12">Low material transfer tendency</p></td><td><p class="s12">High hardness</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pd</p></td><td><p class="s12">Strong tendency to “Brown Powder” formation</p></td><td><p class="s12">Less arc erosion resistant than Pt</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PdCu15</p><p class="s11">PdCu40</p></td><td><p class="s12">Tendency to “Brown Powder” formation</p></td><td><p class="s12">Mostly resistant to material</p><p class="s12">transfer, high hardness</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PdNi5</p></td><td><p class="s12">Strong tendency to “Brown Powder” formation</p></td><td><p class="s12">Low welding tendency</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pd44Ag38Cu15</p><p class="s11">PtAuZn</p></td><td><p class="s12">High mechanical wear resistance</p></td><td><p class="s12">Standard material for sliding</p><p class="s12">contact brushes</p></td></tr></table>
</figtable>
'''Table 2.10: Application Examples and Form of Supply for Platinum Metals and their Alloys'''<figtable id="fig:Application_Examples_and_Form_of_Supply_for_Platinum_Metals_and_their_Alloys">
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tr><td><p class="s11">Material</p></td><td><p class="s12">Application Examples</p></td><td><p class="s12">Forms of Supply</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pt (99,95)</p></td><td><p class="s12">Relays</p></td><td><p class="s12">Contact rivets, welded contact parts</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PtIr5</p><p class="s11">PtIr10</p><p class="s11">PtRu10</p><p class="s11">PtNi8</p><p class="s11">PtW5</p></td><td><p class="s12">Relays, sliding contact systems,</p><p class="s12">automotive ignition breaker points</p></td><td><p class="s12">Semi-finished Contact Materials:</p><p class="s12">Wire, seam-welded contact profiles</p><p class="s12">Contact Parts:</p><p class="s12">Tips, wire-formed parts, solid and composite contact rivets, welded contact parts</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pd (99,95)</p><p class="s11">PdNi5</p></td><td><p class="s12">Relays</p></td><td><p class="s12">Micro-profiles (weld tapes), contact rivets, welded contact parts</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">PdCu15</p><p class="s11">PdCu40</p></td><td><p class="s12">Automotive flasher relays</p></td><td><p class="s12">Micro-profiles, composite contact rivets</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s11">Pd35AuAgPt</p><p class="s11">Pd44Ag38Cu15</p><p class="s11">PtAuZn</p><p class="s11">Pd40Co40W20</p></td><td><p class="s12">Potentiometers, slip rings, miniature</p><p class="s12">DC motors</p></td><td><p class="s12">Wire-formed parts, welded wire segments, multi-arm sliding contact brushes</p></td></tr></table>
</figtable>
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