wirtschaftlich herstellbar sind (<xr id="tab:Overview_of_Important_Properties_of_Electroplated_Coatings_and_their_Applications"/><!--(Tab. 7.1)-->). Derartige Schichten erfüllen, abhängig

man hauptsächlich vier Beschichtungsvarianten (<xr id="tab:Characteristics of the Most Important PVD Processes"/>)<!--(Table 7.6-->:

|Atomare Zerstäubung der Targetplatte<br />(Kathode) in Gasentladung

[[File:Principle of sputtering.jpg|right|thumb|Figure 1: Prinzip der Kathodenzerstäubung; Ar = Argonatom; e = Elektron; M = Metallatom]]

Halbleitertechnik, Optoelektronik, Optik und Medizintechnik eingesetzt(<xr id="fig:Examples of vacuum coated semi finished materials and parts"/>).

*'''Beispiele für vakuumbeschichtete Halbzeuge und Teile'''[[File<figure id="fig:Examples of vacuum coated semi finished materials and parts">[[File:Examples_of_vacuum_coated_semi_finished_materials_and_parts.jpg|left|<caption>Beispiele für vakuumbeschichtete Halbzeuge und Teile</caption>]]</figure><br style="clear:both;"/>

<br style="clear:both;"/>*'''Werkstoffe'''

<tr><td><p class="s8">Edelmetall/Legierungen</p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">NE-Metall/Legierungen</p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">FE-Legierungen/Edelstahl</p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">Sondermetalle (Ti,Mo,W, etc.)</p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">Hartmetalle (WC-Co)</p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">Keramik (Al<span class="s16">₂</span>O<span class="s16">₃</span>, AlN)</p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">Gläser (SiO<span class="s16">₂</span>, CaF, etc.)</p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-leer.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">Kunststoffe (PA, PPS, etc.)</p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td><td><p><span>[[File:K7-gef.png]]</span></p></td></tr></table>

[[File:K7-gef.png]] = herstellbar//[[File:K7-leer.png]] = mit Zwischenschichten herstellbar

*'''Abmessungen und Toleranzen'''

*'''Toleranzen'''

*'''Qualitätsmerkmale'''

|goodgut

Feuerverzinnung auch in Form eines oder mehrerer Streifen auf der OberundOber und/oder Unterseite des Trägerbandes erfolgen (<xr id="fig:Typical examples of hot tinned strip materials"/>).

*'''<figure id="fig:Typical examples of hot tinned strip materials'''">[[File:Typical examples of hot tinned strip materials.jpg|left|<caption>Typische Ausführungsformen für thermisch verzinnte Bänder</caption>]]</figure>

*'''MaterialsWerkstoffe'''Coating materialsSchichtwerkstoffe: Pure tinReinzinn, tin alloysZinnlegierungen<br>Substrate materialsTrägerwerkstoffe: Cu, CuZn, CuNiZn, CuSn, CuBe and othersu.a.<br />

*'''Dimensions and TolerancesAbmessungen und Toleranzen'''

|Width of tinningBreite der Verzinnung:

|Thickness of tinningDicke der Verzinnung: |1 - 15 μm(übliche Ausführung)

|Tolerances (thickness)Toleranzen: |Je nach Dicke der Verzinnung &#177; 1 - &#177; 3 μm depending on tin thickness

*'''Quality CriteriaQualitätsmerkmale'''Mechanical strength and dimensional tolerances of hot tinned strips are closely related to the standard for Festigkeitswerte und Maßtoleranzen thermisch verzinnter Bänder sindangelehnt an die für Cu and und Cu alloy strips according to -Legierungen geltenden Normen DIN EN 1652 and und DIN EN 1654.Quality criteria for the actual tin coatings are usually agreed upon separately. ==<!--7.5-->Contact Lubricants==By using suitable lubricants the mechanical wear and frictional oxidation of sliding and connector contacts can be substantially reduced. In the electrical contact technology solid, as well as high and low viscosity liquid lubricants are used. Contact lubricants have to fulfill a multitude of technical requirements: *They must wet the contact surface well; after the sliding operation the lubrication film must close itself again, Qualitätsmerkmale für die Zinnüberzüge werden i.e. mechanical interruptions to heal*They should not transform into resins, not evaporate, and not act as dust collectors*The lubricants should not dissolve plastics, they should not be corrosive to non-precious metals or initiate cracking through stress corrosion of plastic components*The specific electrical resistance of the lubricants cannot be so low that wetted plastic surfaces lose their isolating properties*The lubricant layer should not increase the contact resistance; the wear reducing properties of the lubricant film should keep the contact resistance low and consistent over the longest possible operation time Solid lubricants include for example 0.05 – 0.2 μm thin hard gold layers which are added as surface layers on top of the actual contact material. Among the various contact lubricants offered on the market contact lubrication oils have shown performance advantages. They are mostly synthetic, chemically inert, and silicone-free oils such as for example the DODUCONTA contact lubricants which differ in their chemical composition and viscosityd. For sliding contact systems with contact forces < 50 cN and higher sliding speeds oils with a lower viscosity (< 50 mPa·s) are preferential. For applications with higher contact forces and operating at higher temperatures contact oils with a higher viscosity are advantageous. Contact oils are mainly suited for applications at low current loads. At higher loads and in situations where contact separation occurs during the sliding operation thermal decomposition may be initiated which causes the lubricating properties to be lost. Most compatible with plastics are the contact oil varieties B5, B12K, and B25, which also over longer operating times do not lead to tension stress corrosion. For the optimum lubrication only a very thin layer of contact oil is required. Therefore it is for example recommended to dilute the oil in iso-propylenealcohol during the application to contact partsR. After evaporation of the alcohol a thin and uniform layer of lubricant is retained on the contact surfacesgesondert vereinbart.

<table class="twocolortable">*Sie sollen die Kontaktoberfläche gut benetzen; nach dem Gleitvorgang soll sich der Schmiermittelfilm wieder schließen, d.h. mechanische Verletzungen „ausheilen“<tr><th>Lubricant</th><th colspan="5">DODUCONTA</th></tr>*sie dürfen nicht verharzen, sich nicht verflüchtigen und sollen möglichst keine Staubfänger sein<th></th><th>B5</th><th>B9</th><th>B10</th><th>B12K</th><th>B25</th>*die Schmiermittel dürfen Kunststoffe nicht anlösen; sie dürfen weder auf Unedelmetallen korrosionsfördernd wirken, noch Spannungsrisskorrosion bei Kunststoffteilen auslösen<tr><td><p class="s8">Contact force</p></td><td><p class="s8">&gt;1N</p></td><td><p class="s8">0.1 *der spezifische Widerstand der Schmiermittel darf - 2N</p></td><td><p class="s8">&lt; 0.2N</p></td><td><p class="s8">0.2 ausgenommen bei festen Schmiermitteln - 5N</p></td><td><p class="s8">&ltnicht so niedrig sein, dass benetzte Kunststoffoberflächen ihr Isolationsvermögen verlieren*der Kontaktwiderstand darf durch den Schmierfilm nicht erhöht werden;1N</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">Density (20°C)</p><p class="s8">[g/cm³]</p></td><td><p class="s8">1.9</p></td><td><p class="s8">1.0</p></td><td><p class="s8">0.92</p></td><td><p class="s8">1.0</p></td><td><p class="s8">1.0</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">Specificel. Resis-</p><p class="s8">tance [<span class="s9">S · </span>cm]</p></td><td/><td><p class="s8">2 x 10¹⁰</p></td><td><p class="s8">10¹⁰</p></td><td><p class="s8">6 x 10⁹</p></td><td><p class="s8">5 x 10⁸</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">Viscosity (20°C)</p><p class="s8">[mPa·s]</p></td><td><p class="s8">325</p></td><td><p class="s8">47</p></td><td><p class="s8">21</p></td><td><p class="s8">235</p></td><td><p class="s8">405</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">Congeal temp.[°C]</p></td><td/><td><p class="s8">-55</p></td><td><p class="s8">-60</p></td><td><p class="s8">-40</p></td><td><p class="s8">-35</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">Flash point[°C]</p></td><td/><td><p class="s8">247</p></td><td><p class="s8">220</p></td><td><p class="s8">238</p></td><td><p class="s8">230</p></td></tr></table>infolge seiner verschleißmindernden Wirkung soll der Kontaktwiderstand möglichst über eine lange Betriebsdauer konstant bleiben

Bei Gleitkontaktsystemen mit Kontaktkräften <table class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px;width:80%">50 cN und höherer Geschwindigkeitwerden bevorzugt niederviskose (<tr><th><p class="s8">Lubricant</p></th><th><p class="s8">Applications</p></th></tr>50mPa·s) Kontaktöle eingesetzt. In<tr><td><p class="s8">DODUCONTA B5</p></td><td><p class="s8">Current collectorsAnwendungen, connectorsbei denen höhere Kontaktkräfte und höhere Temperaturenauftreten, slider switches</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">DODUCONTA B9</p></td><td><p class="s8">Wire potentiometers, slip rings, slider switches, measuring range selectors, miniature connectors</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">DODUCONTA B10</p></td><td><p class="s8">Precision wire potentiometers, miniature slip rings</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">DODUCONTA B12K</p></td><td><p class="s8">Wire potentiometers, slider switches, miniature slip rings, connectors</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s8">DODUCONTA B25</p></td><td><p class="s8">Current collectors, measuring range selectors, connectors</p></td></tr></table>kommen bevorzugt Kontaktöle mit höherer Viskosität zum Einsatz.Kontaktöle eignen sich besonders für Anwendungsfälle mit geringer Strombelastung.Bei höheren Strömen und beim Auftreten von Kontaktabhebungenwährend des Gleitvorganges kann es zu einer thermischen Zersetzung desKontaktöles kommen und dadurch die Schmierwirkung verlorengehen.

==<!--7.6-->Passivation of Silver SurfacesSilber-Passivierung==The formation of silver sulfide during the shelf life of components with silver surface Die Bildung von Silbersulfidschichten, die in sulfur containing environments can be significantly eliminated by coating them with an additional protective film layer schwefelhaltiger Atmosphäre entstehen,lässt sich durch Aufbringung zusätzlicher „Schutz“-Schichten währendder Lagerung weitgehend vermeiden (Passivation layerPassivierungsschichten). For electrical contact use such thin layers should be chemically DerartigeSchichten sollten chemisch inert and sufficiently conductiveund ausreichend leitfähig sein, or be easily broken by the applied contact forceoder durch dieanliegende Kontaktkraft durchbrochen werden können.

[[File:Typical process flow for the SILVERBRITE W ATPS process.jpg|right|thumb|Typical process flow for the Figure 4: Typischer Prozessablauf beim Passivierungsverfahren SILVERBRITE W ATPS process]]

The passivation process Das Passivierungsverfahren SILVERBRITE W ATPS is a water-based tarnish preventer for silver. It is free of chromiumist ein auf wässriger Basisarbeitender Anlaufschutz für Silber (VI) compounds and solvents. The passivating layer is applied by immersion which creates a transparent organic protective film which barely changes the appearance and only slightlyincreases the good electrical properties such as for example the contact resistance. The good solderability and bond properties of silver are notnegatively affected. Because of its chemical composition this protective layer has some lubricating properties which reduce the insertion and withdrawal forces of connectors noticeably. <xr id="fig:Typical process flow for the SILVERBRITE W ATPS process"/> Typical process flow for the SILVERBRITE W ATPS process). Es ist frei von Chrom(VI)-Verbindungen undLösungsmitteln. Die Passivierungsschicht wird im Tauchverfahren aufgebracht.Dabei entsteht ein transparenter, organischer Schutzfilm, der das Aussehenund die guten elektrischen Eigenschaften von Silber, z.B. den Kontaktwiderstand,nur geringfügig verschlechtert. Die gute Löt- und Bondbarkeit wird durchdie Passivierungsschicht nicht beeinträchtigt. Aufgrund seiner chemischenZusammensetzung besitzt der Schutzfilm Schmiereigenschaften, wodurch z.B.in Steckverbindern die Steck- und Ziehkräfte deutlich herabgesetzt werden.