Tungsten and Molybdenum Based Materials

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Tungsten and Molybdenum (Pure Metals)

Tungsten is characterized by its advantageous properties of high melting and boiling points, sufficient electrical and thermal conductivity and high hardness and density Table 1 (Table 2.35). It is mainly used in the form of brazed contact tips for switching duties that require a rapid switching sequence such as horn contacts for cars and trucks.

Molybdenum has a much lesser importance as a contact material since it is less resistant against oxidation than tungsten. Both metals are however used in large amounts as components in composite materials with silver and copper.

Table 2.35: Mechanical Properties of Tungsten and Molybdenum

Material

Micro Structure Condition

Vickers

Hardness HV 10

Tensile Strength

[MPa]

Wolfram

Lightly worked structure

(wire and strip > 1.0 mm thick)

Strongly worked structure

(wire and strip < 1.0 mm thick)

Re-crystallized structure

300 - 500

500 - 750

360

1000 - 1800

1500 - 5000

1000 - 1200

Molybdän

Lightly worked structure

(wire and strip > 1.0 mm thick)

Strongly worked structure

(wire and strip < 1.0 mm thick)

Re-crystallized structure

140 - 320

260 - 550

140 - 160

600 - 1100

800 - 2500

600 - 900

Silver–Tungsten (SIWODUR) Materials

Ag/W (SIWODUR) contact materials combine the high electrical and thermal conductivity of silver with the high arc erosion resistance of the high melting tungsten metal (Table 2.36). The manufacturing of materials with typically 50-80 wt% tungsten is performed by the powder metallurgical processes of liquid phase sintering or by infiltration. Particle size and shape of the starting powders are determining the micro structure and the contact specific properties of this material group Figure 1 Fig. 2.134 and Figure 2 2.135, Table 2 (Table 2.37).

During repeated switching under arcing loads tungsten oxides and mixed oxides (silver tungstates – Ag2 WO4 ) are formed on the Ag/W surface creating 2 4 poorly conducting layers which increase the contact resistance and by this the temperature rise during current carrying. Because of this fact the Ag/W is paired in many applications with Ag/C contact parts.

Silver–tungsten contact tips are used in a variety of shapes and are produced for the ease of attachment with a fine silver backing layer and quite often an additional thin layer of a brazing alloy. The attachment to contact carriers is usually done by brazing, but also by direct resistance welding for smaller tips.

Ag/W materials are mostly used as the arcing contacts in disconnect switches for higher loads and as the main contacts in small and medium duty power switches and industrial circuit breakers Table 3 (Table 2.38). In north and south america they are also used in large volumes in miniature circuit breakers of small to medium current ratings in domestic wiring as well as for commercial power distribution.

Silver–Tungsten Carbide (SIWODUR C) Materials

This group of contact materials contains the typically 40-65 wt-% of the very hard and erosion wear resistant tungsten carbide and the high conductivity silver Figure 2 (Fig. 2.135) (Table 2.36). Compared to Ag/W the Ag/WC (SIWODUR C) materials exhibit a higher resistance against contact welding Table 2 (Table 2.37). The rise in contact resistance experienced with Ag/W is less pronounced in Ag/WC because during arcing a protective gas layer of CO is formed which limits the reaction of oxygen on the contact surface and therefore the formation of metal oxides.

Higher requirements on low temperature rise can be fulfilled by adding a small amount of graphite which however increases the arc erosion. Silver–tungsten carbide–graphite materials with for example 27 wt% WC and 3 wt% graphite or 16 wt% WC and 2 wt% graphite are manufactured using the single tip press-sinter-repress (PSR) process Figure 3 (Fig. 2.136).

The applications of Ag/WC contacts are similar to those for Ag/W Table 3 (Table 2.38).

Silver–Molybdenum (SILMODUR) Materials

Ag/Mo materials with typically 50-70 wt% molybdenum are usually produced by the powder metallurgical infiltration process Figure 4 (Fig. 2.137) (Table 2.36). Their contact properties are similar to those of Ag/W materials Table 2 (Table 2.37). Since the molybdenum oxide is thermally less stable than tungsten oxide the self-cleaning effect of Ag/Mo contact surface during arcing is more pronounced and the contact resistance remains lower than that of Ag/W. The arc erosion resistance of Ag/Mo however is lower than the one for Ag/W materials. The main applications for Ag/Mo contacts are in equipment protecting switching devices Table 3 (Table 2.38).

Figure 1 Fig. 2.134: Micro structure of Ag/W 25/75

Figure 2 Fig. 2.135: Micro structure of Ag/WC 50/50

Figure 3 Fig. 2.136: Micro structure of Ag/WC27/C3

Figure 4 Fig. 2.137: Micro structure of Ag/Mo 35/65


Figure 1: Micro structure of Ag/W 25/75
Figure 2: Micro structure of Ag/WC 50/50
Figure 3: Micro structure of Ag/WC27/C3
Figure 4: Micro structure of Ag/Mo 35/65

Table 2.36: Physical Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver–Tungsten (SIWODUR), Silver–Tungsten Carbide (SIWODUR C) and Silver Molybdenum (SILMODUR)

2-teile

Physical Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver–Tungsten (SIWODUR), Silver–Tungsten Carbide (SIWODUR C) and Silver Molybdenum (SILMODUR)


Table 2.37: Contact and Switching Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver – Tungsten (SIWODUR), Silver–Tungsten Carbide (SIWODUR C) and Silver Molybdenum (SILMODUR)

Material/ DODUCO- Designation

Properties

Silver-Tungsten

SIWODUR

Silver-tungsten carbide SIWODUR C

Tendency to weld at high make currents in symmetrical pairing,

Higher contact resistance and higher temperature rise over increased number of operations through tungsten oxide and tungstate formation, especially for Ag/W,

High welding tendency of closed contacts during short circuit,

Very high arc erosion resistance, poor arc moving properties, High hardness and low formability,

Easy to braze and weld through Ag enriched backing layer

Silver-Tungsten Carbide plus Grafit SIWODUR C Plus

Low contact resistance and low temperature rise through graphite addition,

Lower tendency to contact welding, Lower arc erosion resistance than Ag/W

Silver-Molybdenum

SILMODUR

Better contact resistance stability due to less stable surface layers,

Lower arc erosion resistance than Ag/W


Table 2.38: Application Examples and Forms of Supply for Contact Materials Based on Silver–Tungsten (SIWODUR), Silver–Tungsten Carbide (SIWODUR C) and Silver Molybdenum (SILMODUR)
Material Application Examples Form of Supply
Ag/W
SIWODUR
Circuit breakers (not current limiting) Contact tips, brazed and welded
contact parts
Ag/W
SIWODUR
Ag/WC
SIWODUR C
Ag/WC/C
SIWODUR C/C
(Main) Power switches
paired with Ag/C)

Fault current circuit breakers
(paired with Ag/C)

Ag/Mo
SILMODUR
Device protection switches

Copper–Tungsten (CUWODUR) Materials

Copper–tungsten (CUWODUR) materials with typically 50-85 wt% tungsten are produced by the infiltration process with the tungsten particle size selected according to the end application (Figs. 5 – 8) (Figs. 2.138 – 2.141) (Table 2.39). To increase the wettability of the tungsten skeleton by copper a small amount of nickel < 1 wt% is added to the starting powder mix.

W/Cu materials exhibit a very high arc erosion resistance Table 4 (Table 2.40). Compared to silver–tungsten materials they are however less suitable to carry permanent current.

With a solid tungsten skeleton as it is the case for W/C infiltrated materials with 70-85 wt% tungsten the lower melting component copper melts and vaporizes in the intense electrical arc. At the boiling point of copper (2567°C) the still solid tungsten is efficiently “cooled” and remains pretty much unchanged.

During very high thermal stress on the W/Cu contacts, for example during short circuit currents > 40 kA the tungsten skeleton requires special high mechanical strength. For such applications a high temperature sintering of tungsten from selected particle size powder is applied before the usual infiltration with copper (example: CUWODUR H).

For high voltage load switches the most advantageous contact system consists of a contact tulip and a contact rod. Both contact assemblies are made usually from the mechanically strong and high conductive CuCrZr material and W/Cu as the arcing tips. The thermally and mechanically highly stressed attachment between the two components is often achieved by utilizing electron beam welding or capacitor discharge percussion welding. Other attachment methods include brazing and cast-on of copper followed by cold forming steps to increase hardness and strength.

The main application areas for CUWODUR materials are as arcing contacts in load and high power switching in medium and high voltage switchgear as well as electrodes for spark gaps and over voltage arresters Table 5 (Table 2.41).

Table 2.39: Physical Properties of Copper–Tungsten (CUWODUR) Contact Materials

Physical Properties of Copper Tungsten (CUWODUR) Contact Materials

2-teilig

Figure 5 Fig. 2.139: Micro structure of W/Cu 70/30 G

Figure 6 Fig. 2.140: Micro structure of W/Cu 70/30 H

Figure 7 Fig. 2.138: Micro structure of W/Cu 70/30 F

Figure 8 Fig. 2.141: Micro structure of W/Cu 80/20 H

Figure 5: Micro structure of W/Cu 70/30 G
Figure 6: Micro structure of W/Cu 70/30 H
Figure 7: Micro structure of W/Cu 70/30 F
Figure 8: Micro structure of W/Cu 80/20 H


Table 2.40: Contact and Switching Properties of Copper–Tungsten (CUWODUR) Contact Materials

Material/ DODUCO- Designation

Properties

W/Cu F

CUWODUR F

Very high arc erosion resistance,

Uniform erosion pattern after high operation frequency, Very high mechanical strength,

Highly resistant against thermal and mechanical shock

W/Cu G

CUWODUR G

Very high arc erosion resistance, Very high mechanical strength,

Highly resistant against thermal and mechanical shock.

W/Cu H

CUWODUR H

Very high arc erosion resistance, very high mechanical strength, Especially high resistance against thermal and mechanical shock.


Table 2.41: Application Examples and Forms of Supply for Tungsten– Copper (CUWODUR) Contact Materials

Material

Application Examples

Form of Supply

W/Cu F

Transformer tap changers,

Medium voltage circuit breakers

Contact tips, formed parts, brazed

and welded contact parts

W/Cu G

Overvoltage arresters with spark gap,

Medium voltage circuit breakers, Medium voltage power switches, High voltage power switches and circuit breakers

Contact tips, formed parts, brazed

and welded contact parts; Contact tulips, rods and tubes

W/Cu H

High voltage power switches and circuit

breakers for very high short circuit currents

Welded contact parts; Contact tulips,

rods

References

References