Difference between revisions of "Tungsten and Molybdenum Based Materials"

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<caption>'''<!--Table 2.35:-->Mechanical Properties of Tungsten and Molybdenum'''</caption>
 
<caption>'''<!--Table 2.35:-->Mechanical Properties of Tungsten and Molybdenum'''</caption>
 
<table class="twocolortable">
 
<table class="twocolortable">
<tr><th><p class="s12">Material</p></th><th><p class="s12">Micro Structure Condition</p></th><th><p class="s12">Vickers</p><p class="s12">Hardness HV 10</p></th><th><p class="s12">Tensile Strength</p><p class="s12">[MPa]</p></th></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Wolfram</p></td><td><p class="s12">Lightly worked structure</p><p class="s12">(wire and strip &gt; 1.0 mm thick)</p><p class="s12">Strongly worked structure</p><p class="s12">(wire and strip &lt; 1.0 mm thick)</p><p class="s12">Re-crystallized structure</p></td><td><p class="s12">300 - 500</p><p class="s12">500 - 750</p><p class="s12">360</p></td><td><p class="s12">1000 - 1800</p><p class="s12">1500 - 5000</p><p class="s12">1000 - 1200</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Molybdän</p></td><td><p class="s12">Lightly worked structure</p><p class="s12">(wire and strip &gt; 1.0 mm thick)</p><p class="s12">Strongly worked structure</p><p class="s12">(wire and strip &lt; 1.0 mm thick)</p><p class="s12">Re-crystallized structure</p></td><td><p class="s12">140 - 320</p><p class="s12">260 - 550</p><p class="s12">140 - 160</p></td><td><p class="s12">600 - 1100</p><p class="s12">800 - 2500</p><p class="s12">600 - 900</p></td></tr></table>
+
<tr><th><p class="s12">Material</p></th><th><p class="s12">Micro Structure Condition</p></th><th><p class="s12">Vickers</p><p class="s12">Hardness HV 10</p></th><th><p class="s12">Tensile Strength</p><p class="s12">[MPa]</p></th></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Tungsten</p></td><td><p class="s12">Lightly worked structure</p><p class="s12">(wire and strip &gt; 1.0 mm thick)</p><p class="s12">Strongly worked structure</p><p class="s12">(wire and strip &lt; 1.0 mm thick)</p><p class="s12">Re-crystallized structure</p></td><td><p class="s12">300 - 500</p><p class="s12">500 - 750</p><p class="s12">360</p></td><td><p class="s12">1000 - 1800</p><p class="s12">1500 - 5000</p><p class="s12">1000 - 1200</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Molybdenum</p></td><td><p class="s12">Lightly worked structure</p><p class="s12">(wire and strip &gt; 1.0 mm thick)</p><p class="s12">Strongly worked structure</p><p class="s12">(wire and strip &lt; 1.0 mm thick)</p><p class="s12">Re-crystallized structure</p></td><td><p class="s12">140 - 320</p><p class="s12">260 - 550</p><p class="s12">140 - 160</p></td><td><p class="s12">600 - 1100</p><p class="s12">800 - 2500</p><p class="s12">600 - 900</p></td></tr></table>
 
</figtable>
 
</figtable>
  
 
=== Silver–Tungsten Materials===
 
=== Silver–Tungsten Materials===
Ag/W contact materials combine the high electrical and thermal conductivity of silver with the high arc erosion resistance of the high melting tungsten metal (<xr id="tab:Physical Properties of-Contact Materials Based"/><!--(Table 2.36)-->). The manufacturing of materials with typically 50-80 wt% tungsten is performed by the powder metallurgical processes of liquid phase sintering or by infiltration. Particle size and shape of the starting powders are determining the micro structure and the contact specific properties of this material group (<xr id="fig:Micro structure of Ag W 25 75"/><!--(Fig. 2.134)-->, <xr id="fig:Micro structure of Ag WC 50 50"/><!--(Fig. 2.135)--> and <xr id="tab:Contact and Switching Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver Tungsten (SIWODUR), Silver–Tungsten Carbide (SIWODUR C) and Silver Molybdenum (SILMODUR)"/><!--(Table 2.37)-->).
+
Ag/W contact materials combine the high electrical and thermal conductivity of silver with the high arc erosion resistance of the high melting tungsten metal (<xr id="tab:Physical Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver-Tungsten, Silver-Tungsten Carbide and Silver Molybdenum"/><!--(Table 2.36)-->). The manufacturing of materials with typically 50-80 wt% tungsten is performed by the powder metallurgical processes of liquid phase sintering or by infiltration. Particle size and shape of the starting powders are determining the micro structure and the contact specific properties of this material group (<xr id="fig:Micro structure of Ag W 25 75"/><!--(Fig. 2.134)-->, <xr id="fig:Micro structure of Ag WC 50 50"/><!--(Fig. 2.135)--> and <xr id="tab:Physical Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver-Tungsten, Silver-Tungsten Carbide and Silver Molybdenum"/>).
  
During repeated switching under arcing loads, tungsten oxides and mixed oxides (silver tungstates – Ag<sub>2</sub> WO<sub>4</sub>) are formed on the Ag/W surface, creating poorly conducting layers which increase the contact resistance and by this the temperature rise during current carrying. Because of this fact the Ag/W is paired in many applications with Ag/C contact parts.
+
During repeated switching under arcing loads, tungsten oxides and mixed oxides (silver tungstates – Ag<sub>2</sub> WO<sub>4</sub>) are formed on the Ag/W surface, creating poorly conducting layers which increase the contact resistance and by this the temperature rise during current carrying. Because of this fact the Ag/W is paired in many applications with Ag/C or Ag/WC/C contact parts.
  
 
Silver–tungsten contact tips are used in a variety of shapes and are produced for the ease of attachment with a fine silver backing layer and quite often an additional thin layer of a brazing alloy. The attachment to contact carriers is usually done by brazing, but also by direct resistance welding for smaller tips.
 
Silver–tungsten contact tips are used in a variety of shapes and are produced for the ease of attachment with a fine silver backing layer and quite often an additional thin layer of a brazing alloy. The attachment to contact carriers is usually done by brazing, but also by direct resistance welding for smaller tips.
Line 20: Line 20:
 
Ag/W materials are mostly used as the arcing contacts in disconnect switches for higher loads and as the main contacts in small and medium duty power
 
Ag/W materials are mostly used as the arcing contacts in disconnect switches for higher loads and as the main contacts in small and medium duty power
 
switches and industrial circuit breakers (<xr id="tab:Contact and Switching Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver – Tungsten (SIWODUR), Silver–Tungsten Carbide (SIWODUR C) and Silver Molybdenum (SILMODUR)"/><!--(Table 2.38)-->). In north and south america they are also used in large volumes in miniature circuit breakers of small to medium current ratings in domestic wiring as well as for commercial power distribution.
 
switches and industrial circuit breakers (<xr id="tab:Contact and Switching Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver – Tungsten (SIWODUR), Silver–Tungsten Carbide (SIWODUR C) and Silver Molybdenum (SILMODUR)"/><!--(Table 2.38)-->). In north and south america they are also used in large volumes in miniature circuit breakers of small to medium current ratings in domestic wiring as well as for commercial power distribution.
 +
 +
<figtable id="tab:Physical Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver-Tungsten, Silver-Tungsten Carbide and Silver Molybdenum">
 +
<caption>'''<!--Table 2.7:-->Physical Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver-Tungsten, Silver-Tungsten Carbide and Silver Molybdenum'''</caption> 
 +
 +
{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
 +
|-
 +
!Material
 +
!Silver<br/>Content<br/>[wt.%]
 +
!Density<br/>[g/cm<sup>3</sup>]
 +
!Electrical<br/>Conductivity<br/>[MS/m]
 +
!Vickers<br/>Hardness<br/>[HV5]
 +
|-
 +
|Ag/W 50/50 [[#text-reference|<sup>1</sup>]]<br/>
 +
|47 - 53
 +
|12,9 - 13,9
 +
|29 - 38
 +
|110 - 175
 +
|-
 +
|Ag/W 40/60 [[#text-reference|<sup>1</sup>]]
 +
|37 - 43
 +
|13,9 - 14,5
 +
|21 - 32
 +
|150 - 240
 +
|-
 +
|Ag/W 35/65 [[#text-reference|<sup>1</sup>]]
 +
|32 - 38
 +
|14,1 - 15,1
 +
|21 - 31
 +
|160 - 260
 +
|-
 +
|Ag/W 32/68 [[#text-reference|<sup>1</sup>]]
 +
|29 - 35
 +
|14,3 - 15,2
 +
|21 - 30
 +
|180 - 265
 +
|-
 +
|Ag/WC 60/40 [[#text-reference|<sup>1</sup>]]
 +
|57 - 63
 +
|11,6 - 12,2
 +
|21 - 29
 +
|140 - 200
 +
|-
 +
|Ag/WC 40/60 [[#text-reference|<sup>1</sup>]]
 +
|37 - 43
 +
|12,5 - 13,3
 +
|18 - 25
 +
|230 - 340
 +
|-
 +
|Ag/WC 80/16C2 [[#text-reference|<sup>2</sup>]]
 +
|80 - 84
 +
|9,2 - 9,9
 +
|30 - 38
 +
|35 - 55
 +
|-
 +
|Ag/WC 80/17C3 [[#text-reference|<sup>2</sup>]]
 +
|78 - 82
 +
|9,1 - 9,8
 +
|23 - 33
 +
|35 - 55
 +
|-
 +
|Ag/WC 80/19C1 [[#text-reference|<sup>2</sup>]]
 +
|78 - 82
 +
|9,5 - 10,5
 +
|28 - 43
 +
|40 - 60
 +
|-
 +
|Ag/WC 70/28C2 [[#text-reference|<sup>2</sup>]]
 +
|68 - 72
 +
|9,6 - 10,3
 +
|24 - 32
 +
|35 - 55
 +
|-
 +
|Ag/Mo 65/35 [[#text-reference|<sup>1</sup>]]
 +
|62 - 68
 +
|9,9 - 10,9
 +
|16 - 28
 +
|140 - 130
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
<div id="text-reference"><sub>1</sub>manufactured by infiltration</div>
 +
<div id="text-reference"><sub>2</sub> manufactured by press sinter-repress</div>
 +
</figtable>
  
 
=== Silver–Tungsten Carbide Materials===
 
=== Silver–Tungsten Carbide Materials===
This group of contact materials contains typically 40-65 wt-% of the very hard and erosion wear resistant tungsten carbide and the high conductivity silver (<xr id="fig:Micro structure of Ag WC 50 50"/><!--(Fig. 2.135)--> and <xr id="tab:Physical Properties of-Contact Materials Based"/><!--(Table 2.36)-->). Compared to Ag/W the Ag/WC materials exhibit a higher resistance against contact welding (<xr id="tab:Contact and Switching Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver – Tungsten (SIWODUR), Silver–Tungsten Carbide (SIWODUR C) and Silver Molybdenum (SILMODUR)"/><!--(Table 2.37)-->). The rise in contact resistance experienced with Ag/W is less pronounced in Ag/WC because during arcing, a protective gas layer of CO is formed, which limits the reaction of oxygen on the contact surface and therefore the formation of metal oxides.
+
This group of contact materials contains typically 40-65 wt-% of the very hard and erosion wear resistant tungsten carbide and the high conductivity silver (<xr id="fig:Micro structure of Ag WC 50 50"/><!--(Fig. 2.135)--> and <xr id="tab:Physical Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver-Tungsten, Silver-Tungsten Carbide and Silver Molybdenum"/><!--(Table 2.36)-->). Compared to Ag/W the Ag/WC materials exhibit a higher resistance against contact welding (<xr id="tab:Contact and Switching Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver – Tungsten (SIWODUR), Silver–Tungsten Carbide (SIWODUR C) and Silver Molybdenum (SILMODUR)"/><!--(Table 2.37)-->). The rise in contact resistance experienced with Ag/W is less pronounced in Ag/WC because during arcing, a protective gas layer of CO is formed, which limits the reaction of oxygen on the contact surface and therefore the formation of metal oxides.
  
Higher requirements on low temperature rise can be fulfilled by adding a small amount of graphite, which however increases the arc erosion. Silver–tungsten-carbide–graphite materials with for example 27 wt% WC and 3 wt% graphite or 16 wt% WC and 2 wt% graphite are manufactured using the single tip press-sinter-repress (PSR) process (<xr id="fig:Micro structure of -Ag WC 27 C3"/><!--(Fig. 2.136)-->).
+
Higher requirements on low temperature rise can be fulfilled by adding a small amount of graphite, which however increases the arc erosion. Silver–tungsten-carbide–graphite materials with for example 19 wt% WC and 1 wt% graphite or 16 wt% WC and 2 wt% graphite are manufactured using the single tip press-sinter-repress (PSR) process (<xr id="fig:Micro structure of -Ag WC 27 C3"/><!--(Fig. 2.136)-->).
  
 
The applications of Ag/WC contacts are similar to those for Ag/W (<xr id="tab:Contact and Switching Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver – Tungsten (SIWODUR), Silver–Tungsten Carbide (SIWODUR C) and Silver Molybdenum (SILMODUR)"/><!--(Table 2.38)-->).
 
The applications of Ag/WC contacts are similar to those for Ag/W (<xr id="tab:Contact and Switching Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver – Tungsten (SIWODUR), Silver–Tungsten Carbide (SIWODUR C) and Silver Molybdenum (SILMODUR)"/><!--(Table 2.38)-->).
  
 
=== Silver–Molybdenum Materials===
 
=== Silver–Molybdenum Materials===
Ag/Mo materials with typically 50-70 wt% molybdenum are usually produced by the powder metallurgical infiltration process (<xr id="fig:Micro structure of Ag Mo 35 65"/><!--(Fig. 2.137)--> and <xr id="tab:Physical Properties of-Contact Materials Based"/><!--(Table 2.36)-->). Their contact properties are similar to those of Ag/W materials (<xr id="tab:Contact and Switching Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver – Tungsten (SIWODUR), Silver–Tungsten Carbide (SIWODUR C) and Silver Molybdenum (SILMODUR)"/><!--(Table 2.37)-->). Since the molybdenum oxide is thermally less stable than tungsten oxide, the self-cleaning effect of Ag/Mo contact surface during arcing is more pronounced and the contact resistance remains lower than that of Ag/W. The arc erosion resistance of Ag/Mo however is lower than the one for Ag/W materials. The main applications for Ag/Mo contacts are in equipment protecting switching devices (<xr id="tab:Contact and Switching Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver – Tungsten (SIWODUR), Silver–Tungsten Carbide (SIWODUR C) and Silver Molybdenum (SILMODUR)"/><!--(Table 2.38)-->).
+
Ag/Mo materials with typically 50-70 wt% molybdenum are usually produced by the powder metallurgical infiltration process (<xr id="fig:Micro structure of Ag Mo 35 65"/><!--(Fig. 2.137)--> and <xr id="tab:Physical Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver-Tungsten, Silver-Tungsten Carbide and Silver Molybdenum"/><!--(Table 2.36)-->). Their contact properties are similar to those of Ag/W materials (<xr id="tab:Contact and Switching Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver – Tungsten (SIWODUR), Silver–Tungsten Carbide (SIWODUR C) and Silver Molybdenum (SILMODUR)"/><!--(Table 2.37)-->). Since the molybdenum oxide is thermally less stable than tungsten oxide, the self-cleaning effect of Ag/Mo contact surface during arcing is more pronounced and the contact resistance remains lower than that of Ag/W. The arc erosion resistance of Ag/Mo however is lower than the one for Ag/W materials. The main applications for Ag/Mo contacts are in equipment protecting switching devices (<xr id="tab:Contact and Switching Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver – Tungsten (SIWODUR), Silver–Tungsten Carbide (SIWODUR C) and Silver Molybdenum (SILMODUR)"/><!--(Table 2.38)-->).
  
<figtable id="tab:Physical Properties of-Contact Materials Based">
 
[[File:Physical Properties of-Contact Materials Based.jpg|right|thumb|Physical Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver–Tungsten (SIWODUR), Silver–Tungsten Carbide (SIWODUR C) and Silver Molybdenum (SILMODUR)]]
 
</figtable>
 
  
 
<div class="multiple-images">
 
<div class="multiple-images">
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<caption>'''<!--Table 2.37:-->Contact and Switching Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver – Tungsten, Silver–Tungsten Carbide and Silver Molybdenum'''</caption>
 
<caption>'''<!--Table 2.37:-->Contact and Switching Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver – Tungsten, Silver–Tungsten Carbide and Silver Molybdenum'''</caption>
 
<table class="twocolortable">
 
<table class="twocolortable">
<tr><th><p class="s12">Material</p></th><th><p class="s12">Properties</p></th></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Silver-Tungsten</p><p class="s12"></p><p class="s12">Silver-tungsten carbide</p></td><td><p class="s12">Tendency to weld at high make currents in symmetrical pairing,</p><p class="s12">Higher contact resistance and higher temperature rise over increased number of operations through tungsten oxide and tungstate formation, especially for Ag/W,</p><p class="s12">High welding tendency of closed contacts during short circuit,</p><p class="s12">Very high arc erosion resistance, poor arc moving properties, High hardness and low formability,</p><p class="s12">Easy to braze and weld through Ag enriched backing layer</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Silver-Tungsten Carbide plus Grafit</p></td><td><p class="s12">Low contact resistance and low temperature rise through graphite addition,</p><p class="s12">Lower tendency to contact welding, Lower arc erosion resistance than Ag/W</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Silver-Molybdenum</p><p class="s12"></p></td><td><p class="s12">Better contact resistance stability due to less stable surface layers,</p><p class="s12">Lower arc erosion resistance than Ag/W</p></td></tr></table>
+
<tr><th><p class="s12">Material</p></th><th><p class="s12">Properties</p></th></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Silver-Tungsten</p><p class="s12"></p><p class="s12">Silver-tungsten carbide</p></td><td><p class="s12">Tendency to weld at high make currents in symmetrical pairing,</p><p class="s12">Higher contact resistance and higher temperature rise over increased number of operations through tungsten oxide and tungstate formation, especially for Ag/W,</p><p class="s12">High welding tendency of closed contacts during short circuit,</p><p class="s12">Very high arc erosion resistance, poor arc moving properties, High hardness and low formability,</p><p class="s12">Easy to braze and weld through Ag enriched backing layer</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Silver-Tungsten Carbide plus Graphite</p></td><td><p class="s12">Low contact resistance and low temperature rise through graphite addition,</p><p class="s12">Lower tendency to contact welding, Lower arc erosion resistance than Ag/WC</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">Silver-Molybdenum</p><p class="s12"></p></td><td><p class="s12">Better contact resistance stability due to less stable surface layers,</p><p class="s12">Lower arc erosion resistance than Ag/W</p></td></tr></table>
 
</figtable>
 
</figtable>
  
Line 82: Line 161:
  
 
=== Copper–Tungsten Materials===
 
=== Copper–Tungsten Materials===
Copper–tungsten materials with typically 50-85 wt% tungsten are produced by the infiltration process with the tungsten particle size selected according to the end application [[#figures4|(Figs. 5 – 8)]] <!--(Figs. 2.138 – 2.141)--> (<xr id="tab:Physical Properties of Copper Tungsten CUWODUR Contact Materials"/><!--(Table 2.39)-->). To increase the wettability of the tungsten skeleton by copper a small amount of nickel < 1 wt% is added to the starting powder mix.
+
Copper–tungsten materials with typically 50-85 wt% tungsten are produced by the infiltration process with the tungsten particle size selected according to the end application [[#figures4|(Figs. 5 – 6)]] <!--(Figs. 2.138 – 2.141)--> and (<xr id="tab:Physical properties of copper-tungsten materials"/><!--(Table 2.39)-->). To increase the wettability of the tungsten skeleton by copper a small amount of nickel < 1 wt% is added to the starting powder mix.
  
W/Cu materials exhibit a very high arc erosion resistance <xr id="tab:Contact and Switching Properties of Copper–Tungsten (CUWODUR) Contact Materials"/><!--(Table 2.40)-->. Compared to silver–tungsten materials they are however less suitable to carry permanent current.
+
<figtable id="tab:Physical properties of copper-tungsten materials">
 +
<caption>'''Physical properties of copper-tungsten materials'''</caption>
  
With a solid tungsten skeleton as it is the case for W/C infiltrated materials with 70-85 wt% tungsten the lower melting component copper melts and vaporizes in the intense electrical arc. At the boiling point of copper (2567°C) the still solid tungsten is efficiently “cooled” and remains pretty much unchanged.
+
{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
 +
|-
 +
!Material
 +
!Tungsten<br/>Content<br/>[wt.%]
 +
!Density<br/>[g/cm<sup>3</sup>]
 +
!Melting Point<br/>[°C]
 +
!Electrical<br/>Resistivity<br/>[µΩ*cm]
 +
!Electrical<br/>Conductivity<br/>[% IACS]
 +
!Electrical<br/>Conductivity<br/>[MS/m]
 +
!Vickers<br/>Hardness<br/>[HV10]
 +
|-
 +
|W/Cu 60/40 <br/>
 +
|57 - 63
 +
|12,9 - 13,3
 +
|1083
 +
|3,85 - 4,55
 +
|38 - 45
 +
|22 - 26
 +
|150 - 200
 +
|-
 +
|W/Cu 65/35
 +
|63 - 67
 +
|13,6 - 14,0
 +
|1083
 +
|4,17 - 5,0
 +
|34 - 41
 +
|20 - 24
 +
|160 - 210
 +
|-
 +
|W/Cu 70/30
 +
|68 - 72
 +
|13,9 - 14,4
 +
|1083
 +
|3,85 - 5,56
 +
|31 - 38
 +
|18 - 22
 +
|160 - 230
 +
|-
 +
|W/Cu 75/25
 +
|73 - 77
 +
|14,6 - 15,2
 +
|1083
 +
|4,76 - 5,88
 +
|29 - 36
 +
|17 - 21
 +
|180 - 210
 +
|-
 +
|W/Cu 80/20
 +
|78 - 82
 +
|15,3 - 15,9
 +
|1083
 +
|5,0 - 6,25
 +
|28 - 34
 +
|16 - 20
 +
|180 - 280
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
</figtable>
  
During very high thermal stress on the W/Cu contacts, for example during short circuit currents > 40 kA the tungsten skeleton requires special high mechanical strength. For such applications a high temperature sintering of tungsten from selected particle size powder is applied before the usual infiltration with copper (example: CUWODUR H).
+
W/Cu materials exhibit a very high arc erosion resistance. Compared to silver–tungsten materials, they are however less suitable to carry permanent current.
  
For high voltage load switches the most advantageous contact system consists of a contact tulip and a contact rod. Both contact assemblies are made usually from the mechanically strong and high conductive CuCrZr material and W/Cu as the arcing tips. The thermally and mechanically highly stressed attachment between the two components is often achieved by utilizing electron beam welding or capacitor discharge percussion welding. Other attachment methods include brazing and cast-on of copper followed by cold forming steps to increase hardness and strength.
+
With a solid tungsten skeleton, as it is the case for W/C infiltrated materials with 70-85 wt% tungsten, the lower melting component copper melts and vaporizes in the intense electrical arc. At the boiling point of copper (2567°C), the still solid tungsten is efficiently “cooled” and remains pretty much unchanged.
  
The main application areas for CUWODUR materials are as arcing contacts in load and high power switching in medium and high voltage switchgear as well as electrodes for spark gaps and over voltage arresters <xr id="tab:Application Examples and Forms of Supply for Tungsten– Copper (CUWODUR) Contact Materials"/><!--(Table 2.41)-->.
+
During very high thermal stress on the W/Cu contacts, for example during short circuit currents > 40 kA, the tungsten skeleton requires special high mechanical strength. For such applications, a high temperature sintering of tungsten from selected particle size powder is applied before the usual infiltration with copper.
  
<figtable id="tab:Physical Properties of Copper Tungsten CUWODUR Contact Materials">
+
For high voltage load switches, the most advantageous contact system consists of a contact tulip and a contact rod. Both contact assemblies are usually made from the mechanically strong and high conductive CuCrZr material and W/Cu as the arcing tips. The thermally and mechanically highly stressed attachment between the two components is often achieved by utilizing electron beam welding or capacitor discharge percussion welding. Other attachment methods include brazing and cast-on of copper, followed by cold forming steps to increase hardness and strength.
[[File:Physical Properties of Copper Tungsten CUWODUR Contact Materials.jpg|right|thumb|Physical Properties of Copper Tungsten (CUWODUR) Contact Materials]]
 
</figtable>
 
<div id="figures4">
 
<xr id="fig:Micro structure of W Cu 70 30 G"/><!--Fig. 2.139:--> Micro structure of W/Cu 70/30 G
 
  
<xr id="fig:Micro structure of W Cu 70 30 H"/><!--Fig. 2.140:--> Micro structure of W/Cu 70/30 H
+
The main application areas for W/Cu materials are as arcing contacts in load and high power switching, in medium and high voltage switchgear as well as electrodes for spark gaps and over voltage arresters.
 
 
<xr id="fig:Micro structure of W Cu 70 30 F"/><!--Fig. 2.138:--> Micro structure of W/Cu 70/30 F
 
 
 
<xr id="fig:Micro structure of W Cu 80 20 H"/><!--Fig. 2.141:--> Micro structure of W/Cu 80/20 H
 
</div>
 
  
 
<div class="multiple-images">
 
<div class="multiple-images">
 
<figure id="fig:Micro structure of W Cu 70 30 G">  
 
<figure id="fig:Micro structure of W Cu 70 30 G">  
[[File:Micro structure of W Cu 70 30 G.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure of W/Cu 70/30 G</caption>]]
+
[[File:Micro structure of W Cu 70 30 G.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure of W/Cu 70/30 (coarse)</caption>]]
</figure>
 
 
 
<figure id="fig:Micro structure of W Cu 70 30 H">
 
[[File:Micro structure of W Cu 70 30 H.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure of W/Cu 70/30 H</caption>]]
 
 
</figure>
 
</figure>
  
 
<figure id="fig:Micro structure of W Cu 70 30 F">
 
<figure id="fig:Micro structure of W Cu 70 30 F">
[[File:Micro structure of W Cu 70 30 F.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure of W/Cu 70/30 F</caption>]]
+
[[File:Micro structure of W Cu 70 30 F.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure of W/Cu 70/30 (fine)</caption>]]
 
</figure>
 
</figure>
  
<figure id="fig:Micro structure of W Cu 80 20 H">
 
[[File:Micro structure of W Cu 80 20 H.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Micro structure of W/Cu 80/20 H</caption>]]
 
</figure>
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
 
<div class="clear"></div>
 
<div class="clear"></div>
 
 
<figtable id="tab:Contact and Switching Properties of Copper–Tungsten (CUWODUR) Contact Materials">
 
<caption>'''<!--Table 2.40:-->Contact and Switching Properties of Copper–Tungsten (CUWODUR) Contact Materials'''</caption>
 
<table class="twocolortable">
 
<tr><th><p class="s12">Material/ DODUCO- Designation</p></th><th><p class="s12">Properties</p></th></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">W/Cu F</p><p class="s12">CUWODUR F</p></td><td><p class="s12">Very high arc erosion resistance,</p><p class="s12">Uniform erosion pattern after high operation frequency, Very high mechanical strength,</p><p class="s12">Highly resistant against thermal and mechanical shock</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">W/Cu G</p><p class="s12">CUWODUR G</p></td><td><p class="s12">Very high arc erosion resistance, Very high mechanical strength,</p><p class="s12">Highly resistant against thermal and mechanical shock.</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">W/Cu H</p><p class="s12">CUWODUR H</p></td><td><p class="s12">Very high arc erosion resistance, very high mechanical strength, Especially high resistance against thermal and mechanical shock.</p></td></tr></table>
 
</figtable>
 
 
 
<figtable id="tab:Application Examples and Forms of Supply for Tungsten– Copper (CUWODUR) Contact Materials">
 
<caption>'''<!--Table 2.41:-->Application Examples and Forms of Supply for Tungsten– Copper (CUWODUR) Contact Materials'''</caption>
 
<table class="twocolortable">
 
<tr><th><p class="s12">Material</p></th><th><p class="s12">Application Examples</p></th><th><p class="s12">Form of Supply</p></th></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">W/Cu F</p></td><td><p class="s12">Transformer tap changers,</p><p class="s12">Medium voltage circuit breakers</p></td><td><p class="s12">Contact tips, formed parts, brazed</p><p class="s12">and welded contact parts</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">W/Cu G</p></td><td><p class="s12">Overvoltage arresters with spark gap,</p><p class="s12">Medium voltage circuit breakers, Medium voltage power switches, High voltage power switches and circuit breakers</p></td><td><p class="s12">Contact tips, formed parts, brazed</p><p class="s12">and welded contact parts; Contact tulips, rods and tubes</p></td></tr><tr><td><p class="s12">W/Cu H</p></td><td><p class="s12">High voltage power switches and circuit</p><p class="s12">breakers for very high short circuit currents</p></td><td><p class="s12">Welded contact parts; Contact tulips,</p><p class="s12">rods</p></td></tr></table>
 
</figtable>
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==

Latest revision as of 15:21, 27 March 2023

Tungsten and Molybdenum (Pure Metals)

Tungsten is characterized by its advantageous properties of high melting and boiling points, sufficient electrical and thermal conductivity and high hardness and density (Table 1). It is mainly used in the form of brazed contact tips for switching duties, that require a rapid switching sequence, such as horn contacts for cars and trucks.

Molybdenum has a much lesser importance as a contact material since it is less resistant against oxidation than tungsten. Both metals are however used in large amounts as components in composite materials with silver and copper.

Table 1: Mechanical Properties of Tungsten and Molybdenum

Material

Micro Structure Condition

Vickers

Hardness HV 10

Tensile Strength

[MPa]

Tungsten

Lightly worked structure

(wire and strip > 1.0 mm thick)

Strongly worked structure

(wire and strip < 1.0 mm thick)

Re-crystallized structure

300 - 500

500 - 750

360

1000 - 1800

1500 - 5000

1000 - 1200

Molybdenum

Lightly worked structure

(wire and strip > 1.0 mm thick)

Strongly worked structure

(wire and strip < 1.0 mm thick)

Re-crystallized structure

140 - 320

260 - 550

140 - 160

600 - 1100

800 - 2500

600 - 900

Silver–Tungsten Materials

Ag/W contact materials combine the high electrical and thermal conductivity of silver with the high arc erosion resistance of the high melting tungsten metal (Table 2). The manufacturing of materials with typically 50-80 wt% tungsten is performed by the powder metallurgical processes of liquid phase sintering or by infiltration. Particle size and shape of the starting powders are determining the micro structure and the contact specific properties of this material group (Figure 1, Figure 2 and Table 2).

During repeated switching under arcing loads, tungsten oxides and mixed oxides (silver tungstates – Ag2 WO4) are formed on the Ag/W surface, creating poorly conducting layers which increase the contact resistance and by this the temperature rise during current carrying. Because of this fact the Ag/W is paired in many applications with Ag/C or Ag/WC/C contact parts.

Silver–tungsten contact tips are used in a variety of shapes and are produced for the ease of attachment with a fine silver backing layer and quite often an additional thin layer of a brazing alloy. The attachment to contact carriers is usually done by brazing, but also by direct resistance welding for smaller tips.

Ag/W materials are mostly used as the arcing contacts in disconnect switches for higher loads and as the main contacts in small and medium duty power switches and industrial circuit breakers (Table 4). In north and south america they are also used in large volumes in miniature circuit breakers of small to medium current ratings in domestic wiring as well as for commercial power distribution.

Table 2: Physical Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver-Tungsten, Silver-Tungsten Carbide and Silver Molybdenum
Material Silver
Content
[wt.%]
Density
[g/cm3]
Electrical
Conductivity
[MS/m]
Vickers
Hardness
[HV5]
Ag/W 50/50 1
47 - 53 12,9 - 13,9 29 - 38 110 - 175
Ag/W 40/60 1 37 - 43 13,9 - 14,5 21 - 32 150 - 240
Ag/W 35/65 1 32 - 38 14,1 - 15,1 21 - 31 160 - 260
Ag/W 32/68 1 29 - 35 14,3 - 15,2 21 - 30 180 - 265
Ag/WC 60/40 1 57 - 63 11,6 - 12,2 21 - 29 140 - 200
Ag/WC 40/60 1 37 - 43 12,5 - 13,3 18 - 25 230 - 340
Ag/WC 80/16C2 2 80 - 84 9,2 - 9,9 30 - 38 35 - 55
Ag/WC 80/17C3 2 78 - 82 9,1 - 9,8 23 - 33 35 - 55
Ag/WC 80/19C1 2 78 - 82 9,5 - 10,5 28 - 43 40 - 60
Ag/WC 70/28C2 2 68 - 72 9,6 - 10,3 24 - 32 35 - 55
Ag/Mo 65/35 1 62 - 68 9,9 - 10,9 16 - 28 140 - 130
1manufactured by infiltration
2 manufactured by press sinter-repress

Silver–Tungsten Carbide Materials

This group of contact materials contains typically 40-65 wt-% of the very hard and erosion wear resistant tungsten carbide and the high conductivity silver (Figure 2 and Table 2). Compared to Ag/W the Ag/WC materials exhibit a higher resistance against contact welding (Table 4). The rise in contact resistance experienced with Ag/W is less pronounced in Ag/WC because during arcing, a protective gas layer of CO is formed, which limits the reaction of oxygen on the contact surface and therefore the formation of metal oxides.

Higher requirements on low temperature rise can be fulfilled by adding a small amount of graphite, which however increases the arc erosion. Silver–tungsten-carbide–graphite materials with for example 19 wt% WC and 1 wt% graphite or 16 wt% WC and 2 wt% graphite are manufactured using the single tip press-sinter-repress (PSR) process (Figure 3).

The applications of Ag/WC contacts are similar to those for Ag/W (Table 4).

Silver–Molybdenum Materials

Ag/Mo materials with typically 50-70 wt% molybdenum are usually produced by the powder metallurgical infiltration process (Figure 4 and Table 2). Their contact properties are similar to those of Ag/W materials (Table 4). Since the molybdenum oxide is thermally less stable than tungsten oxide, the self-cleaning effect of Ag/Mo contact surface during arcing is more pronounced and the contact resistance remains lower than that of Ag/W. The arc erosion resistance of Ag/Mo however is lower than the one for Ag/W materials. The main applications for Ag/Mo contacts are in equipment protecting switching devices (Table 4).


Figure 1: Micro structure of Ag/W 25/75
Figure 2: Micro structure of Ag/WC 50/50
Figure 3: Micro structure of Ag/WC27/C3
Figure 4: Micro structure of Ag/Mo 35/65
Table 3: Contact and Switching Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver – Tungsten, Silver–Tungsten Carbide and Silver Molybdenum

Material

Properties

Silver-Tungsten

Silver-tungsten carbide

Tendency to weld at high make currents in symmetrical pairing,

Higher contact resistance and higher temperature rise over increased number of operations through tungsten oxide and tungstate formation, especially for Ag/W,

High welding tendency of closed contacts during short circuit,

Very high arc erosion resistance, poor arc moving properties, High hardness and low formability,

Easy to braze and weld through Ag enriched backing layer

Silver-Tungsten Carbide plus Graphite

Low contact resistance and low temperature rise through graphite addition,

Lower tendency to contact welding, Lower arc erosion resistance than Ag/WC

Silver-Molybdenum

Better contact resistance stability due to less stable surface layers,

Lower arc erosion resistance than Ag/W


Table 4: Contact and Switching Properties of Contact Materials Based on Silver – Tungsten, Silver–Tungsten Carbide and Silver Molybdenum
Material Application Examples Form of Supply
Ag/W
Circuit breakers (not current limiting) Contact tips, brazed and welded
contact parts
Ag/W

Ag/WC

Ag/WC/C
(Main) Power switches
paired with Ag/C)

Fault current circuit breakers
(paired with Ag/C)

Ag/Mo
Device protection switches

Copper–Tungsten Materials

Copper–tungsten materials with typically 50-85 wt% tungsten are produced by the infiltration process with the tungsten particle size selected according to the end application (Figs. 5 – 6) and (Table 5). To increase the wettability of the tungsten skeleton by copper a small amount of nickel < 1 wt% is added to the starting powder mix.

Table 5: Physical properties of copper-tungsten materials
Material Tungsten
Content
[wt.%]
Density
[g/cm3]
Melting Point
[°C]
Electrical
Resistivity
[µΩ*cm]
Electrical
Conductivity
[% IACS]
Electrical
Conductivity
[MS/m]
Vickers
Hardness
[HV10]
W/Cu 60/40
57 - 63 12,9 - 13,3 1083 3,85 - 4,55 38 - 45 22 - 26 150 - 200
W/Cu 65/35 63 - 67 13,6 - 14,0 1083 4,17 - 5,0 34 - 41 20 - 24 160 - 210
W/Cu 70/30 68 - 72 13,9 - 14,4 1083 3,85 - 5,56 31 - 38 18 - 22 160 - 230
W/Cu 75/25 73 - 77 14,6 - 15,2 1083 4,76 - 5,88 29 - 36 17 - 21 180 - 210
W/Cu 80/20 78 - 82 15,3 - 15,9 1083 5,0 - 6,25 28 - 34 16 - 20 180 - 280

W/Cu materials exhibit a very high arc erosion resistance. Compared to silver–tungsten materials, they are however less suitable to carry permanent current.

With a solid tungsten skeleton, as it is the case for W/C infiltrated materials with 70-85 wt% tungsten, the lower melting component copper melts and vaporizes in the intense electrical arc. At the boiling point of copper (2567°C), the still solid tungsten is efficiently “cooled” and remains pretty much unchanged.

During very high thermal stress on the W/Cu contacts, for example during short circuit currents > 40 kA, the tungsten skeleton requires special high mechanical strength. For such applications, a high temperature sintering of tungsten from selected particle size powder is applied before the usual infiltration with copper.

For high voltage load switches, the most advantageous contact system consists of a contact tulip and a contact rod. Both contact assemblies are usually made from the mechanically strong and high conductive CuCrZr material and W/Cu as the arcing tips. The thermally and mechanically highly stressed attachment between the two components is often achieved by utilizing electron beam welding or capacitor discharge percussion welding. Other attachment methods include brazing and cast-on of copper, followed by cold forming steps to increase hardness and strength.

The main application areas for W/Cu materials are as arcing contacts in load and high power switching, in medium and high voltage switchgear as well as electrodes for spark gaps and over voltage arresters.

Figure 5: Micro structure of W/Cu 70/30 (coarse)
Figure 6: Micro structure of W/Cu 70/30 (fine)

References

References