Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys - Revision history

Doduco Admin: /* Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys */

2023-01-12T06:58:17Z

‎Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys

Doduco Admin: /* Copper-Beryllium Alloys (Beryllium Bronze) */

2023-01-12T06:52:02Z

‎Copper-Beryllium Alloys (Beryllium Bronze)

Doduco Admin: /* Copper-Beryllium Alloys (Beryllium Bronze) */

2023-01-12T06:45:02Z

‎Copper-Beryllium Alloys (Beryllium Bronze)

Doduco Admin: /* Copper-Beryllium Alloys (Beryllium Bronze) */

2023-01-12T06:42:06Z

‎Copper-Beryllium Alloys (Beryllium Bronze)

Doduco Admin: /* Copper-Beryllium Alloys (Beryllium Bronze) */

2023-01-12T06:41:14Z

‎Copper-Beryllium Alloys (Beryllium Bronze)

Doduco Admin: /* Copper-Beryllium Alloys (Beryllium Bronze) */

2023-01-12T06:40:19Z

‎Copper-Beryllium Alloys (Beryllium Bronze)

Doduco Admin: /* Copper-Chromium Alloys */

2023-01-04T08:40:19Z

‎Copper-Chromium Alloys

Doduco Admin: /* Copper-Chromium Alloys */

2023-01-04T08:40:01Z

‎Copper-Chromium Alloys

Doduco Admin: /* Copper-Chromium Alloys */

2022-12-13T08:45:31Z

‎Copper-Chromium Alloys

Doduco Admin: /* Copper-Chromium Alloys */

2022-12-13T08:45:04Z

‎Copper-Chromium Alloys

@@ Line 237: / Line 237: @@
 |Cr 0.3 - 1.2<br />Cu Rest
 |8.89
-|26<sup>a</sup><br />48<sup>b</sup>
+|26[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />48[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]
-|45<sup>a</sup><br />83<sup>b</sup>
+|45[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />83[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]
-|3.8<sup>a</sup><br />2.1<sup>b</sup>
+|3.8[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />2.1[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]
-|170<sup>a</sup><br />315<sup>b</sup>
+|170[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />315[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]
 |17
 |112
@@ Line 249: / Line 249: @@
 |Zr 0.1 - 0.3<br />Cu Rest
 |8.9
-|35<sup>a</sup><br />52<sup>b</sup>
+|35[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />52[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]
-|60<sup>a</sup><br />90<sup>b</sup>
+|60[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />90[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]
-|2.9<sup>a</sup><br />1.9<sup>b</sup>
+|2.9[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />1.9[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]
-|340<sup>a</sup>
+|340[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]
 |16
 |135
@@ Line 261: / Line 261: @@
 |Cr 0.5 - 1.2<br />Zr 0.03 - 0.3<br />Cu Rest
 |8.92
-|20<sup>a</sup><br />43<sup>b</sup>
+|20[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />43[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]
-|34<sup>a</sup><br />74<sup>b</sup>
+|34[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />74[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]
-|5.0<sup>a</sup><br />2.3<sup>b</sup>
+|5.0[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />2.3[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]
-|170<sup>a</sup><br />310 - 330<sup>b</sup>
+|170[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />310 - 330[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]
 |16
-|110<sup>a</sup><br />130<sup>b</sup>
+|110[[#text-reference8|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />130[[#text-reference9|<sup>b</sup>]]
 |ca. 500
 |1070 - 1080
 |}
 </figtable>
 <br />
-<sup>a</sup>solution annealed, and cold rolled<br />
+<br />
 <figtable id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys">

@@ Line 127: / Line 127: @@
 !Elongation<br />A<sub>50</sub><br />[%]
 !Vickers<br />Hardness<br />HV
-!Bend Radius<sup>1)</sup><br />perpendicular to<br />rolling direction
+!Bend Radius[[#text-reference4|<sup>1</sup>]]<br />perpendicular to<br />rolling direction
-!Bend Radius<sup>1)</sup><br />parallel to<br />rolling direction
+!Bend Radius[[#text-reference4|<sup>1</sup>]]<br />parallel to<br />rolling direction
 !Spring Bending<br />Limit σ<sub>FB</sub><br />[MPa]
 !Spring Fatigue<br />Limit σ<sub>BW</sub><br />[MPa]
 |-
 |CuBe1,7
-|R 390<sup>a</sup><br />R 680<sup>a</sup><br />R 1030<sup>b</sup><br />R 1240<sup>b</sup><br />R 680<sup>c</sup><br />R 1100<sup>c</sup>
+|R 390[[#text-reference5|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />R 680[[#text-reference5|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />R 1030[[#text-reference6|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />R 1240[[#text-reference6|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />R 680[[#text-reference7|<sup>c</sup>]]<br />R 1100[[#text-reference7|<sup>c</sup>]]
 |380 -520<br />680 - 820<br />1030 - 1240<br />1240 - 1380<br />680 - 750<br />1100 - 1200
 |&ge; 180<br />&ge; 600<br />&ge; 900<br />&ge; 1070<br />&ge; 480<br />&ge; 930
@@ Line 144: / Line 144: @@
 |-
 |CuBe2
-|R 410<sup>a</sup><br />R 690<sup>a</sup><br />R 1140<sup>b</sup><br />R 1310<sup>b</sup><br />R 690<sup>c</sup><br />R 1200<sup>c</sup>
+|R 410[[#text-reference5|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />R 690[[#text-reference5|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />R 1140[[#text-reference6|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />R 1310[[#text-reference6|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />R 690[[#text-reference7|<sup>c</sup>]]<br />R 1200[[#text-reference7|<sup>c</sup>]]
 |410 -540<br />690 - 820<br />1140 - 1310<br />1310 - 1480<br />690 - 760<br />1200 - 1320
 |&ge; 190<br />&ge; 650<br />&ge; 1000<br />&ge; 1150<br />&ge; 480<br />&ge; 1030
@@ Line 155: / Line 155: @@
 |-
 |CuCo2Be<br />CuNi2Be
-|R 250<sup>a</sup><br />R 550<sup>a</sup><br />R 650<sup>b</sup><br />R 850<sup>b</sup><br />R 520<sup>c</sup>
+|R 250[[#text-reference5|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />R 550[[#text-reference5|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />R 650[[#text-reference6|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />R 850[[#text-reference6|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />R 520[[#text-reference7|<sup>c</sup>]]
 |250 - 380<br />550 - 700<br />650 - 820<br />850 - 1000<br />520 - 620
 |&ge; 140<br />&ge; 450<br />&ge; 520<br />&ge; 750<br />&ge; 340
@@ Line 165: / Line 165: @@
 | <br /> <br />220<br />250<br />210
 |}
-</figtable>
+<div id="text-reference4"><sub>1</sub> t: Strip thickness max. 0.5 mm</div>
-<sup>1)</sup> t: Strip thickness max. 0.5 mm<br />
+<div id="text-reference5"><sub>a</sub> solution annealed, and cold rolled</div>
-<sup>a</sup>solution annealed, and cold rolled<br />
+<div id="text-reference6"><sub>b</sub> solution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened</div>
-<sup>b</sup>solution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened<br />
+<div id="text-reference7"><sub>c</sub> solution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened at mill (mill hardened)</div>
-<sup>c</sup>solution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened at mill (mill hardened)
+</figtable>
 <br/>
 <br/>

@@ Line 113: / Line 113: @@
 <div id="text-reference3"><sub>c</sub> solution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened at mill (mill hardened)</div>
 </figtable>
 <figtable id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Selected Copper-Beryllium Alloys">

@@ Line 168: / Line 168: @@
 <sup>b</sup>solution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened<br />
 <sup>c</sup>solution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened at mill (mill hardened)
-<br />
+<br/>
 ====<!--5.1.6.2-->Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys====

@@ Line 168: / Line 168: @@
 <sup>b</sup>solution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened<br />
 <sup>c</sup>solution annealed, cold rolled, and precipitation hardened at mill (mill hardened)
 ====<!--5.1.6.2-->Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys====

@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 |Be 1.6 - 1.8<br />Co 0.3<br />Ni 0.3<br />Cu Rest
 |8.4
-|8 - 9<sup>a</sup><br />12 - 13<sup>b</sup><br />11<sup>c</sup>
+|8 - 9[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />12 - 13[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />11[[#text-reference3|<sup>c</sup>]]
 |14 - 16<br />21 - 22<br />19
-|11 - 12.5<sup>a</sup><br />7.7 - 8.3<sup>b</sup><br />9.1<sup>c</sup>
+|11 - 12.5[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />7.7 - 8.3[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]9.1[[#text-reference3|<sup>c</sup>]]
 |110
 |17
-|125<sup>a</sup><br />135<sup>b</sup>
+|125[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]
 |ca. 380
 |890 - 1000
@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 |Be 1.8 - 2.1<br />Co 0.3<br />Ni 0.3<br />Cu Rest
 |8.3
-|8 - 9<sup>a</sup><br />12 - 13<sup>b</sup><br />11<sup>c</sup>
+|8 - 9[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />12 - 13[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />11[[#text-reference3|<sup>c</sup>]]
 |14 - 16<br />21 - 22<br />19
-|11 - 12.5<sup>a</sup><br />7.7 - 8.3<sup>b</sup><br />9.1<sup>c</sup>
+|11 - 12.5[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />7.7 - 8.3[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />9.1[[#text-reference3|<sup>c</sup>]]
 |110
 |17
-|125<sup>a</sup><br />135<sup>b</sup>
+|125[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />135[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]
 |ca. 380
 |870 - 980
@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 |Co 2.0 - 2.8<br />Be 0.4 - 0.7<br />Ni 0.3<br />Cu Rest
 |8.8
-|11 - 14<sup>a</sup><br />25 - 27<sup>b</sup><br />27 - 34<sup>c</sup>
+|11 - 14[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />25 - 27[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />27 - 34[[#text-reference3|<sup>c</sup>]]
 |19 - 24<br />43 - 47<br />47 - 59
-|7.1 - 9.1<sup>a</sup><br />3.7 - 4.0<sup>b</sup><br />2.9<sup>c</sup>
+|7.1 - 9.1[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />3.7 - 4.0[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />2.9[[#text-reference3|<sup>c</sup>]]
 |210
 |18
-|131<sup>a</sup><br />138<sup>b</sup>
+|131[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />138[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]
 |ca. 450
 |1030 - 1070
@@ Line 100: / Line 100: @@
 |Ni 1.4 - 2.2<br />Be 0.2 - 0.6<br />Co 0.3<br />Cu Rest
 |8.8
-|11 - 14<sup>a</sup><br />25 - 27<sup>b</sup><br />27 - 34<sup>c</sup>
+|11 - 14[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />25 - 27[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />27 - 34[[#text-reference3|<sup>c</sup>]]
 |19 - 24<br />43 - 47<br />47 - 59
-|7.1 - 9.1<sup>a</sup><br />3.7 - 4.0<sup>b</sup><br />2.9<sup>c</sup>
+|7.1 - 9.1[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />3.7 - 4.0[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]<br />2.9[[#text-reference3|<sup>c</sup>]]
 |230
 |18
-|131<sup>a</sup><br />138<sup>b</sup>
+|131[[#text-reference1|<sup>a</sup>]]<br />138[[#text-reference2|<sup>b</sup>]]
 |ca. 480
 |1060 - 1100
 |}
 </figtable>
 <figtable id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Selected Copper-Beryllium Alloys">

@@ Line 175: / Line 175: @@
 =====<!--5.1.6.2.1-->Copper-Chromium Alloys=====
-As the phase diagram shows, copper-chromium has a similar hardening profile compared to CuBe (<xr id="fig:Copper corner of the copper-chromium phase diagram for up to 0.8 wt% chromium"/><!--(Fig. 5.32)-->). In the hardened stage CuCr has limitations to work hardening. Compared to copper it has a better temperature stability with good electrical conductivity. Hardness and electrical conductivity as a function of cold working and precipitation hardening conditions are illustrated in [[#figures8|(Figs. 6 – 9)]]<!--Figs. 5.33-5.35-->and <xr id="tab:Physical Properties of Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys"/><!--(Tables 5.19)--> and <xr id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys"/><!--(Tab. 5.20)-->).
+As the phase diagram shows, copper-chromium has a similar hardening profile compared to CuBe (<xr id="fig:Copper corner of the copper-chromium phase diagram for up to 0.8 wt% chromium"/><!--(Fig. 5.32)-->). In the hardened stage CuCr has limitations to work hardening. Compared to copper it has a better temperature stability with good electrical conductivity. Hardness and electrical conductivity as a function of cold working and precipitation hardening conditions are illustrated in [[#figures8|(Figs. 6 – 9]]<!--Figs. 5.33-5.35--> and <xr id="tab:Physical Properties of Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys"/><!--(Tables 5.19)--> and <xr id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Other Precipitation Hardening Copper Alloys"/><!--(Tab. 5.20)-->).
 Copper-chromium materials are especially suitable for use as electrodes for resistance welding. During brazing the loss in hardness is limited, if low melting brazing alloys and reasonably short heating times are used.