Naturally Hard Copper Alloys - Revision history

Doduco Admin: /* Copper-Silver-(Cadmium) Alloys (Silver Bronze) */

2023-01-04T07:58:14Z

‎Copper-Silver-(Cadmium) Alloys (Silver Bronze)

Doduco Admin: /* Copper-Silver-(Cadmium) Alloys (Silver Bronze) */

2023-01-04T07:57:35Z

‎Copper-Silver-(Cadmium) Alloys (Silver Bronze)

Doduco Admin: /* Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloys (German Silver) */

2023-01-04T07:56:48Z

‎Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloys (German Silver)

Doduco Admin: /* Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloys (German Silver) */

2023-01-04T07:56:14Z

‎Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloys (German Silver)

Doduco Admin: /* Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloys (German Silver) */

2023-01-04T07:55:38Z

‎Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloys (German Silver)

Doduco Admin: /* Copper-Tin Alloys (Tin Bronze) */

2023-01-04T07:54:56Z

‎Copper-Tin Alloys (Tin Bronze)

Doduco Admin: /* Copper-Tin Alloys (Tin Bronze) */

2023-01-04T07:53:54Z

‎Copper-Tin Alloys (Tin Bronze)

Doduco Admin: /* Copper-Zinc Alloys Test (Brasses) */

2023-01-04T07:51:17Z

‎Copper-Zinc Alloys Test (Brasses)

Doduco Admin at 06:38, 2 December 2022

2022-12-02T06:38:16Z

Teitscheid at 22:16, 22 September 2014

2014-09-22T22:16:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:58, 4 January 2023
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	<sup>1)</sup> t: Strip thickness max. 0.5 mm		<sup>1)</sup> t: Strip thickness max. 0.5 mm

−	~~<div id="figures5">~~
−
−	~~<xr id="fig:Phase diagram of copper-silver for the range of 0 – 40 wt% silver"/><!--Fig. 5.17:--> Phase diagram of copper-silver for the range of 0 – 40 wt% silver~~
−
−	~~<xr id="fig:Strain hardening of CuAg2 by cold working"/><!--Fig. 5.18:--> Strain hardening of CuAg2 by cold working~~
−
−	~~<xr id="fig:Softening of CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after 40% cold working"/><!--Fig. 5.19:--> Softening of CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after 40% cold working~~
−
−	~~<xr id="fig:Softening of CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after 80% cold working"/><!--Fig. 5.20:--> Softening of CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after 80% cold working~~
−	~~</div>~~

	<div class="multiple-images">		<div class="multiple-images">

@@ Line 584: / Line 584: @@
 ====<!--5.1.4.4-->Copper-Silver-(Cadmium) Alloys (Silver Bronze)====
-Besides the low-allowed CuAg0.1, other copper materials with higher silver contents (2-6 wt%) are also used as contacts carrier materials. Some of them contain additional 1.5 wt% Cd. The phase diagram <xr id="fig:Phase diagram of copper-silver for the range of 0 – 40 wt% silver"/><!--(Fig. 5.17)--> shows, that in principle the CuAg alloys can be precipitation hardened, but the possible increase in mechanical strength is rather small.
+Besides the low-allowed CuAg0.1, other copper materials with higher silver contents (2-6 wt%) are also used as contacts carrier materials. Some of them contain additional 1.5 wt% Cd. The phase diagram <xr id="fig:Phase diagram of copper-silver for the range of 0 – 40 wt% silver"/><!--(Fig. 5.17)--> shows that in principle the CuAg alloys can be precipitation hardened, but the possible increase in mechanical strength is rather small.
-Copper-silver alloys have good spring properties and compared to other spring materials have a high electrical conductivity <xr id="tab:tab5.13"/> <!--(Tab. 5.13)--> and <xr id="tab:tab5.14"/><!--(Tab. 5.14)-->. The mechanical strength values in the strongly worked condition are comparable to those of the copper-tin alloys. Work hardening and softening behavior are shown for the example of CuAg2 [[#figures5|(Figs. 13 – 15)]]<!--(Figs. 5.18 – 5.20)-->. For the relaxation behavior, the silver bronzes are superior to German silver and tin bronze.
+Copper-silver alloys have good spring properties and compared to other spring materials have a high electrical conductivity (<xr id="tab:tab5.13"/><!--(Tab. 5.13)--> and <xr id="tab:tab5.14"/><!--(Tab. 5.14)-->). The mechanical strength values in the strongly worked condition are comparable to those of the copper-tin alloys. Work hardening and softening behavior are shown for the example of CuAg2 [[#figures5|(Figs. 13 – 15)]]<!--(Figs. 5.18 – 5.20)-->. For the relaxation behavior, the silver bronzes are superior to German silver and tin bronze.
 Because of their good spring properties combined with high electrical conductivity, silver bronzes are suitable for the use contact springs in relays

@@ Line 569: / Line 569: @@
 <figure id="fig:Copper rich region of the ternary copper-nickel-zinc phase diagram with indication of the more commonly available german silver materials">
-[[File:Copper rich region of the termary copper nickel zinc phase diagram.jpg|right|thumb|Copper rich region of the ternary copper-nickel-zinc phase diagram with indication of the more commonly available german silver materials]]
+[[File:Copper rich region of the termary copper nickel zinc phase diagram.jpg|right|thumb|Figure 10: Copper rich region of the ternary copper-nickel-zinc phase diagram with indication of the more commonly available german silver materials]]
 </figure>

@@ Line 565: / Line 565: @@
 </figtable>
 <sup>1)</sup> t: Strip thickness max. 0.5 mm
 <div class="multiple-images">

@@ Line 440: / Line 440: @@
 ====<!--5.1.4.3-->Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloys (German Silver)====
-Despite its lower electrical conductivity, the good spring properties, high corrosion resistance and the good workability make copper-nickel-zinc alloys a frequently used spring contact carrier in switches and relays. As illustrated in the phase diagram, the most commonly used materials are in the &alpha; -range which means that they are single-phase alloys <xr id="fig:Copper rich region of the ternary copper-nickel-zinc phase diagram with indication of the more commonly available german silver materials"/><!--(Fig. 5.14)-->. The formability and strength properties of german silver are comparable to those of the copper-tin alloys. The work hardening and softening behavior is illustrated on the example of CuNi12Zn24 in <xr id="fig:Strain hardening of CuNi12Zn24 by cold working"/><!--Figures 5.15--> and <xr id="fig:Softening of CuNi12Zn24 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working"/><!--5.16-->.
+Despite its lower electrical conductivity, the good spring properties, high corrosion resistance and the good workability make copper-nickel-zinc alloys a frequently used spring contact carrier in switches and relays. As illustrated in the phase diagram, the most commonly used materials are in the &alpha; -range which means that they are single-phase alloys (<xr id="fig:Copper rich region of the ternary copper-nickel-zinc phase diagram with indication of the more commonly available german silver materials"/><!--(Fig. 5.14)-->). The formability and strength properties of german silver are comparable to those of the copper-tin alloys. The work hardening and softening behavior is illustrated on the example of CuNi12Zn24 in <xr id="fig:Strain hardening of CuNi12Zn24 by cold working"/><!--Figures 5.15--> and <xr id="fig:Softening of CuNi12Zn24 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working"/><!--5.16-->.
 The relaxation behavior of Cu-Ni-Zn alloys is superior to the one for the tin bronzes. Additional advantages are the very good weldability, brazing

@@ Line 243: / Line 243: @@
 ====<!--5.1.4.2-->Copper-Tin Alloys (Tin Bronze)====
-Because of their good elastic spring properties and formability, the copper-tin alloys CuSn6 and CuSn8 are standard materials for spring contact elements in electromechanical components, such as connectors, switches and relays <xr id="tab:Physical Properties of Copper-Tin Alloys"/><!--(Tab. 5.9)--> and <xr id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Copper-Tin Alloys"/><!--(Tab.5.10)-->. Besides these, other alloys such as CuSn4, CuSn5 and the multi-metal tin bronze CuSn3Zn9 have significant usage – mainly in North America.  <!--5.10-->
+Because of their good elastic spring properties and formability, the copper-tin alloys CuSn6 and CuSn8 are standard materials for spring contact elements in electromechanical components, such as connectors, switches and relays (<xr id="tab:Physical Properties of Copper-Tin Alloys"/><!--(Tab. 5.9)--> and <xr id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Copper-Tin Alloys"/><!--(Tab.5.10)-->). Besides these, other alloys such as CuSn4, CuSn5 and the multi-metal tin bronze CuSn3Zn9 have significant usage – mainly in North America.  <!--5.10-->
-<xr id="fig:Phase diagram of the Cu-Sn system for the range of 0 – 30 wt% Sn"/> shows the copper rich side of the phase diagram for the CuSn system. The mechanical property values achieved by cold forming are superior to these of the brass alloys <xr id="fig:Mechanical properties of tin bronze depending on the tin content (cold working 0 and 50%)"/><!--(Fig. 5.11)-->. They increase significantly with increasing Sn content. The work hardening and softening behavior are shown for the example of CuSn8 in <xr id="fig:Strain hardening of CuSn8 by cold working"/><!--Figures 5.12--> and <xr id="fig:Softening of CuSn8 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working"/><!--Fig. 5.13-->. The stress relaxation properties for CuSn alloys are good for up to 100°C, deteriorate however quickly for temperatures above 150°C.
+<xr id="fig:Phase diagram of the Cu-Sn system for the range of 0 – 30 wt% Sn"/> shows the copper rich side of the phase diagram for the CuSn system. The mechanical property values achieved by cold forming are superior to these of the brass alloys (<xr id="fig:Mechanical properties of tin bronze depending on the tin content (cold working 0 and 50%)"/><!--(Fig. 5.11)-->). They increase significantly with increasing Sn content. The work hardening and softening behavior are shown for the example of CuSn8 in <xr id="fig:Strain hardening of CuSn8 by cold working"/><!--Figures 5.12--> and <xr id="fig:Softening of CuSn8 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working"/><!--Fig. 5.13-->. The stress relaxation properties for CuSn alloys are good for up to 100°C, deteriorate however quickly for temperatures above 150°C.

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ====<!--5.1.4.1-->Copper-Zinc Alloys Test (Brasses)====
-Copper-zinc alloys are widely used as contact carrier materials in switching devices for electrical power engineering because of their high electrical conductivity, the higher mechanical strength combined with good formability compared to pure copper <xr id="tab:Physical_Properties_of_ Selected_Copper_Zinc_Alloys"/><!--(Tab. 5.7)--> and <xr id="tab:Mechanical_Properties_of_Selected_Copper_Zinc_Alloys"/><!--(Tab. 5.8)-->, and at the same time their reasonable economic costs. Especially suitable are the brasses with up to 37 wt% Zn content which are according to the phase diagram all made up from the &alpha; -phase of the CuZn system <xr id="fig:Phase_diagram_of_copper_zinc_for_the_range_of_0_60_wt_zinc"/><!--(Fig. 5.5)-->. It is important to note the strong dependence of the electrical conductivity and mechanical strength on the zinc content <xr id="fig:Mechanical_properties_of_brass_ depending_on_the_copper_content_after_cold_working_of_0_and_50"/><!--(Fig. 5.6)-->.
+Copper-zinc alloys are widely used as contact carrier materials in switching devices for electrical power engineering because of their high electrical conductivity, the higher mechanical strength combined with good formability compared to pure copper (<xr id="tab:Physical_Properties_of_ Selected_Copper_Zinc_Alloys"/><!--(Tab. 5.7)--> and <xr id="tab:Mechanical_Properties_of_Selected_Copper_Zinc_Alloys"/><!--(Tab. 5.8)-->), and at the same time their reasonable economic costs. Especially suitable are the brasses with up to 37 wt% Zn content which are according to the phase diagram all made up from the &alpha; -phase of the CuZn system (<xr id="fig:Phase_diagram_of_copper_zinc_for_the_range_of_0_60_wt_zinc"/><!--(Fig. 5.5)-->). It is important to note the strong dependence of the electrical conductivity and mechanical strength on the zinc content (<xr id="fig:Mechanical_properties_of_brass_ depending_on_the_copper_content_after_cold_working_of_0_and_50"/><!--(Fig. 5.6)-->).
 <figtable id="tab:Physical_Properties_of_ Selected_Copper_Zinc_Alloys">
@@ Line 220: / Line 220: @@
 One of the special brass alloys used as a contact carrier material is CuSn23Al3Co. This material exhibits significantly higher mechanical strength
 than the standard brass alloys. Even so, this material is a naturally hardening alloy, a suitable heat treatment allows to further increase its strength.
 <div class="multiple-images">

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Alloys like brasses (CuZn), tin bronzes (CuSN), and German silver (CuNiZn), for which the required hardness is achieved by cold working are defined as naturally hard alloys. Included in this group are also the silver bronzes (CuAg) with 2 – 6 wt% of Ag.
+Alloys like brasses (CuZn), tin bronzes (CuSN) and German silver (CuNiZn), for which the required hardness is achieved by cold working, are defined as naturally hard alloys. Included in this group are also the silver bronzes (CuAg) with 2 – 6 wt% of Ag.
 ====<!--5.1.4.1-->Copper-Zinc Alloys Test (Brasses)====
@@ Line 216: / Line 216: @@
 <sup>1)</sup> t: Strip thickness max. 0.5 mm
-The main disadvantages of these alloys are with increasing zinc content the also increasing tendency towards tension crack corrosion and the poorer stress relaxation properties compared to other copper alloys.
+The main disadvantages of these alloys are with increasing zinc content, the also increasing tendency towards tension crack corrosion and the poorer stress relaxation properties, compared to other copper alloys.
 One of the special brass alloys used as a contact carrier material is CuSn23Al3Co. This material exhibits significantly higher mechanical strength
-than the standard brass alloys. Even so this material is a naturally hardening alloy, a suitable heat treatment allows to further increase its strength.
+than the standard brass alloys. Even so, this material is a naturally hardening alloy, a suitable heat treatment allows to further increase its strength.
 <xr id="fig:Phase_diagram_of_copper_zinc_for_the_range_of_0_60_wt_zinc"/><!--Fig. 5.5:--> Strain hardening of Ag 99.95 by cold working
@@ Line 251: / Line 251: @@
 ====<!--5.1.4.2-->Copper-Tin Alloys (Tin Bronze)====
-Because of their good elastic spring properties and formability the copper-tin alloys CuSn6 and CuSn8 are standard materials for spring contact elements in electrome-chanical components such as connectors, switches, and relays <xr id="tab:Physical Properties of Copper-Tin Alloys"/><!--(Tab. 5.9)--> and <xr id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Copper-Tin Alloys"/><!--(Tab.5.10)-->. Besides these other alloys such as CuSn4 and CuSn5 and the multi-metal tin bronze CuSn3Zn9 have significant usage – mainly in North America.  <!--5.10-->
+Because of their good elastic spring properties and formability, the copper-tin alloys CuSn6 and CuSn8 are standard materials for spring contact elements in electromechanical components, such as connectors, switches and relays <xr id="tab:Physical Properties of Copper-Tin Alloys"/><!--(Tab. 5.9)--> and <xr id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Copper-Tin Alloys"/><!--(Tab.5.10)-->. Besides these, other alloys such as CuSn4, CuSn5 and the multi-metal tin bronze CuSn3Zn9 have significant usage – mainly in North America.  <!--5.10-->
 <xr id="fig:Phase diagram of the Cu-Sn system for the range of 0 – 30 wt% Sn"/> shows the copper rich side of the phase diagram for the CuSn system. The mechanical property values achieved by cold forming are superior to these of the brass alloys <xr id="fig:Mechanical properties of tin bronze depending on the tin content (cold working 0 and 50%)"/><!--(Fig. 5.11)-->. They increase significantly with increasing Sn content. The work hardening and softening behavior are shown for the example of CuSn8 in <xr id="fig:Strain hardening of CuSn8 by cold working"/><!--Figures 5.12--> and <xr id="fig:Softening of CuSn8 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working"/><!--Fig. 5.13-->. The stress relaxation properties for CuSn alloys are good for up to 100°C, deteriorate however quickly for temperatures above 150°C.
@@ Line 458: / Line 458: @@
 ====<!--5.1.4.3-->Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloys (German Silver)====
-Despite its lower electrical conductivity, the good spring properties, high corrosion resistance, and the good workability make copper-nickel-zinc alloys a frequently used spring contact carrier in switches and relays. As illustrated in the phase diagram the most commonly used materials are in the &alpha; -range which means that they are single-phase alloys <xr id="fig:Copper rich region of the ternary copper-nickel-zinc phase diagram with indication of the more commonly available german silver materials"/><!--(Fig. 5.14)-->. The formability and strength properties of german silver are comparable to those of the copper-tin alloys. The work hardening and softening behavior is illustrated on the example of CuNi12Zn24 in <xr id="fig:Strain hardening of CuNi12Zn24 by cold working"/><!--Figures 5.15--> and <xr id="fig:Softening of CuNi12Zn24 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working"/><!--5.16-->.
+Despite its lower electrical conductivity, the good spring properties, high corrosion resistance and the good workability make copper-nickel-zinc alloys a frequently used spring contact carrier in switches and relays. As illustrated in the phase diagram, the most commonly used materials are in the &alpha; -range which means that they are single-phase alloys <xr id="fig:Copper rich region of the ternary copper-nickel-zinc phase diagram with indication of the more commonly available german silver materials"/><!--(Fig. 5.14)-->. The formability and strength properties of german silver are comparable to those of the copper-tin alloys. The work hardening and softening behavior is illustrated on the example of CuNi12Zn24 in <xr id="fig:Strain hardening of CuNi12Zn24 by cold working"/><!--Figures 5.15--> and <xr id="fig:Softening of CuNi12Zn24 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working"/><!--5.16-->.
 The relaxation behavior of Cu-Ni-Zn alloys is superior to the one for the tin bronzes. Additional advantages are the very good weldability, brazing
-properties, and the high corrosion resistance of these copper-nickel-zinc alloys.
+properties and the high corrosion resistance of these copper-nickel-zinc alloys.
@@ Line 608: / Line 608: @@
 ====<!--5.1.4.4-->Copper-Silver-(Cadmium) Alloys (Silver Bronze)====
-Besides the low-allowed CuAg0.1 other copper materials with higher silver contents (2-6 wt%) are also used as contacts carrier materials. Some of them contain additionally 1.5 wt% Cd. The phase diagram <xr id="fig:Phase diagram of copper-silver for the range of 0 – 40 wt% silver"/><!--(Fig. 5.17)--> shows that in principle the CuAg alloys can be precipitation hardened, but the possible increase in mechanical strength is rather small.
+Besides the low-allowed CuAg0.1, other copper materials with higher silver contents (2-6 wt%) are also used as contacts carrier materials. Some of them contain additional 1.5 wt% Cd. The phase diagram <xr id="fig:Phase diagram of copper-silver for the range of 0 – 40 wt% silver"/><!--(Fig. 5.17)--> shows, that in principle the CuAg alloys can be precipitation hardened, but the possible increase in mechanical strength is rather small.
-Copper-silver alloys have good spring properties and compared to other spring materials have a high electrical conductivity <xr id="tab:tab5.13"/> <!--(Tab. 5.13)--> and <xr id="tab:tab5.14"/><!--(Tab. 5.14)-->. The mechanical strength values in the strongly worked condition are comparable to those of the copper-tin alloys. Work hardening and softening behavior are shown for the example of CuAg2 [[#figures5|(Figs. 13 – 15)]]<!--(Figs. 5.18 – 5.20)-->. For the relaxation behavior the silver bronzes are superior to German silver and tin bronze.
+Copper-silver alloys have good spring properties and compared to other spring materials have a high electrical conductivity <xr id="tab:tab5.13"/> <!--(Tab. 5.13)--> and <xr id="tab:tab5.14"/><!--(Tab. 5.14)-->. The mechanical strength values in the strongly worked condition are comparable to those of the copper-tin alloys. Work hardening and softening behavior are shown for the example of CuAg2 [[#figures5|(Figs. 13 – 15)]]<!--(Figs. 5.18 – 5.20)-->. For the relaxation behavior, the silver bronzes are superior to German silver and tin bronze.
-Because of their good spring properties combined with high electrical conductivity silver bronzes are suitable for the use contact springs in relays
+Because of their good spring properties combined with high electrical conductivity, silver bronzes are suitable for the use contact springs in relays
-under higher current loads. Taking advantage of their high temperature stability they are also used as current carrying contacts in high voltage switchgear and as electrode material for resistance welding.
+under higher current loads. Taking advantage of their high temperature stability, they are also used as current carrying contacts in high voltage switchgear and as electrode material for resistance welding.

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:16, 22 September 2014
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	==References==		==References==
	[[Contact Carrier Materials#References\|References]]		[[Contact Carrier Materials#References\|References]]
		+
		+	[[de:Naturharte_Kupfer-Legierungen]]