Contact Materials for Electrical Engineering - Revision history

Doduco Admin at 10:54, 26 January 2023

2023-01-26T10:54:40Z

Doduco Admin at 10:53, 26 January 2023

2023-01-26T10:53:34Z

Doduco Admin: /* Special Contact Materials (VAKURIT) for Vacuum Switches */

2023-01-26T08:26:53Z

‎Special Contact Materials (VAKURIT) for Vacuum Switches

Doduco Admin: /* Special Contact Materials (VAKURIT) for Vacuum Switches */

2023-01-26T08:26:30Z

‎Special Contact Materials (VAKURIT) for Vacuum Switches

Doduco Admin at 06:48, 11 January 2023

2023-01-11T06:48:50Z

Doduco Admin at 06:48, 11 January 2023

2023-01-11T06:48:02Z

Doduco Admin at 06:47, 11 January 2023

2023-01-11T06:47:42Z

Doduco Admin at 12:25, 3 January 2023

2023-01-03T12:25:16Z

Doduco Admin at 07:11, 5 December 2022

2022-12-05T07:11:56Z

Doduco Admin at 07:52, 23 November 2022

2022-11-23T07:52:20Z

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 ==Contact Materials for Vacuum Switches==
-The trade name VAKURIT is assigned to a family of low gas content contact materials, developed for the use in vacuum switching devices
+The low gas content contact materials are developed for the use in vacuum switching devices.
 Main Article: [[Contact Materials for Vacuum Switches| Contact Materials for Vacuum Switches]]

@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 ==Contact Materials for Vacuum Switches==
-The trade name VAKURIT is assigned to a family of low gas content contact materials, developed for the use in vacuum switching devices [[Special_Contact_Materials_(VAKURIT)_for_Vacuum_Switches|Table 1]]
+The trade name VAKURIT is assigned to a family of low gas content contact materials, developed for the use in vacuum switching devices
 Main Article: [[Contact Materials for Vacuum Switches| Contact Materials for Vacuum Switches]]

@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 Main Article: [[Tungsten and Molybdenum Based Materials| Tungsten and Molybdenum Based Materials]]
-==Special Contact Materials (VAKURIT) for Vacuum Switches==
+==Contact Materials for Vacuum Switches==
 The trade name VAKURIT is assigned to a family of low gas content contact materials, developed for the use in vacuum switching devices [[Special_Contact_Materials_(VAKURIT)_for_Vacuum_Switches|Table 1]]

@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 The trade name VAKURIT is assigned to a family of low gas content contact materials, developed for the use in vacuum switching devices [[Special_Contact_Materials_(VAKURIT)_for_Vacuum_Switches|Table 1]]
-Main Article: [[Special Contact Materials (VAKURIT) for Vacuum Switches| Special Contact Materials (VAKURIT) for Vacuum Switches]]
+Main Article: [[Contact Materials for Vacuum Switches| Contact Materials for Vacuum Switches]]
 ==References==

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 Those used in electrical contacts are heterogeneous materials, composed of two or more uniformly dispersed components, in which the largest volume portion consists of a metal.
-The properties of composite materials are determined mainly independent from each other by the properties of their individual components. Therefore it is, for example, possible to combine the high melting point and arc erosion resistance of tungsten with the low melting and good electrical conductivity of copper or the high conductivity of silver with the weld resistant metalloid graphite. (<xr id="fig:Powder metallurgical manufacturing of composite materials (schematic)"/>) shows the schematic manufacturing processes from powder blending to contact material. Three basic process variations are typically applied:
+The properties of composite materials are determined mainly independent from each other by the properties of their individual components. Therefore it is, for example, possible to combine the high melting point and arc erosion resistance of tungsten with the low melting and good electrical conductivity of copper or the high conductivity of silver with the weld resistant metalloid graphite. <xr id="fig:Powder metallurgical manufacturing of composite materials (schematic)"/> shows the schematic manufacturing processes from powder blending to contact material. Three basic process variations are typically applied:
 *Sintering without liquid phase (Press-Sinter-Repress, PSR)

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
-*'''Pure metals'''
+'''Pure metals'''
 Within this group, silver has the greatest importance for switching devices in the higher energy technology. Other precious metals such as gold and platinum are only used in applications for the information technology in the form of thin surface layers. As a nonprecious metal, tungsten is used for some special applications such as, for example, automotive horn contacts. In some rarer cases, pure copper is used, but mainly paired to a silver-based contact material.
-*'''Alloys'''
+'''Alloys'''
 Besides these few pure metals, a larger number of alloy materials made by melt technology are available for the use as contacts. An alloy is characterized by the fact, that its components are completely or partially soluble in each other in the solid state. Phase diagrams for multiple metal compositions show the number and type of the crystal structure as a function of the temperature and composition of the alloying components.
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 Alloying allows to improve the properties of one material at the cost of changing them for the second material. As an example, the hardness of a base metal may be increased while at the same time the electrical conductivity decreases with even small additions of the second alloying component.
-*'''Composite Materials'''
+'''Composite Materials'''
 Composite materials are a material group whose properties are of great importance for electrical contacts that are used in switching devices for higher

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 *Alloys
 *Composite materials
 *'''Pure metals'''

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 *'''Composite Materials'''
-Composite materials are a material group whose properties are of great importance for electrical contacts, that are used in switching devices for higher
+Composite materials are a material group whose properties are of great importance for electrical contacts that are used in switching devices for higher
 electrical currents.

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 *Good arc extinguishing capability
-they have to exhibit physical, mechanical, and chemical properties like high electrical and thermal conductivity, high hardness, high corrosion resistance, etc and besides this should have good mechanical workability, and also be suitable for good weld and brazing attachment to contact carriers. In addition they must be made from environmentally friendly materials.
+They have to exhibit physical, mechanical and chemical properties like high electrical and thermal conductivity, high hardness, high corrosion resistance etc. and besides this, should have good mechanical workability and also be suitable for good weld and brazing attachment to contact carriers. In addition they must be made from environmentally friendly materials.
 Materials suited for use as electrical contacts can be divided into the following groups based on their composition and metallurgical structure:
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 *'''Pure metals'''
-From this group silver has the greatest importance for switching devices in the higher energy technology. Other precious metals such as gold and platinum are only used in applications for the information technology in the form of thin surface layers. As a nonprecious metal tungsten is used for some special applications such as for example as automotive horn contacts. In some rarer cases pure copper is used but mainly paired to a silver-based contact material.
+Within this group, silver has the greatest importance for switching devices in the higher energy technology. Other precious metals such as gold and platinum are only used in applications for the information technology in the form of thin surface layers. As a nonprecious metal, tungsten is used for some special applications such as, for example, automotive horn contacts. In some rarer cases, pure copper is used, but mainly paired to a silver-based contact material.
 *'''Alloys'''
-Besides these few pure metals a larger number of alloy materials made by melt technology are available for the use as contacts. An alloy is characterized by the fact that its components are completely or partially soluble in each other in the solid state. Phase diagrams for multiple metal compositions show the number and type of the crystal structure as a function of the temperature and composition of the alloying components.
+Besides these few pure metals, a larger number of alloy materials made by melt technology are available for the use as contacts. An alloy is characterized by the fact, that its components are completely or partially soluble in each other in the solid state. Phase diagrams for multiple metal compositions show the number and type of the crystal structure as a function of the temperature and composition of the alloying components.
 They indicate the boundaries of liquid and solid phases and define the parameters of solidification.
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 *'''Composite Materials'''
-Composite materials are a material group whose properties are of great importance for electrical contacts that are used in switching devices for higher
+Composite materials are a material group whose properties are of great importance for electrical contacts, that are used in switching devices for higher
 electrical currents.
 Those used in electrical contacts are heterogeneous materials, composed of two or more uniformly dispersed components, in which the largest volume portion consists of a metal.
-The properties of composite materials are determined mainly independent from each other by the properties of their individual components. Therefore it is for example possible to combine the high melting point and arc erosion resistance of tungsten with the low melting and good electrical conductivity of copper, or the high conductivity of silver with the weld resistant metalloid graphite. <xr id="fig:Powder metallurgical manufacturing of composite materials (schematic)"/> shows the schematic manufacturing processes from powder blending to contact material. Three basic process variations are typically
+The properties of composite materials are determined mainly independent from each other by the properties of their individual components. Therefore it is, for example, possible to combine the high melting point and arc erosion resistance of tungsten with the low melting and good electrical conductivity of copper or the high conductivity of silver with the weld resistant metalloid graphite. (<xr id="fig:Powder metallurgical manufacturing of composite materials (schematic)"/>) shows the schematic manufacturing processes from powder blending to contact material. Three basic process variations are typically applied:
 *Sintering without liquid phase (Press-Sinter-Repress, PSR)
@@ Line 46: / Line 45: @@
 </figure>
-During ''sintering without a liquid phase'' (left side of schematic), the powder mix is first densified by pressing, then undergoes a heat treatment (sintering) and eventually is re-pressed again to further increase the density. The sintering atmosphere depends on the material components and later application; a vacuum is used for example for the low gas content material Cu/Cr. This process is used for individual contact parts and also termed press-sinterrepress (PSR). For materials with high silver content, the starting point before pressing is mostly a large block (or billet) which is then, after sintering, hot extruded into wire, rod or strip form. The extrusion further increases the density of these composite materials and contributes to higher arc erosion resistance. Materials such as Ag/Ni, Ag/MeO and Ag/C are typically produced by this process.
+During ''sintering without a liquid phase'' (left side of schematic), the powder mix is first densified by pressing, then undergoes a heat treatment (sintering) and eventually is re-pressed again to further increase the density. The sintering atmosphere depends on the material components and later application; a vacuum is used for example for the low gas content material Cu/Cr. This process is used for individual contact parts and also termed press-sinter-repress (PSR). For materials with high silver content, the starting point before pressing is mostly a large block (or billet) which is then, after sintering, hot extruded into wire, rod or strip form. The extrusion further increases the density of these composite materials and contributes to higher arc erosion resistance. Materials such as Ag/Ni, Ag/MeO and Ag/C are typically produced by this process.
 ''Sintering with liquid phase'' has the advantage of shorter process times due to the accelerated diffusion and also results in near-theoretical densities of the composite material. To ensure the shape stability during the sintering process, it
 is however necessary to limit the volume content of the liquid phase material.
-As opposed to the liquid phase sintering, which has limited use for electrical contact manufacturing, the ''Infiltration process'' as shown on the right side of the schematic, has a broad practical range of applications. In this process the powder of the higher melting component, sometimes also as a powder mix with a small amount of the second material, is pressed into parts and after sintering the porous skeleton is infiltrated with liquid metal of the second material. The fill-up process of the pores happens through capillary forces. This process reaches, after the infiltration, near-theoretical density without subsequent pressing and is widely used for Ag- and Cu-refractory contacts. For Ag/W or Ag/WC contacts, controlling the amount or excess on the bottom side of the contact of the infiltration metal Ag, results in contact tips that can be easily attached to their carriers by resistance welding. For larger Cu/W contacts, additional machining is often used to obtain the final shape of the contact component.
+As opposed to the liquid phase sintering, which has limited use for electrical contact manufacturing, the ''Infiltration process'' as shown on the right side of the schematic, has a broad practical range of applications. In this process the powder of the higher melting component, sometimes also as a powder mix with a small amount of the second material, is pressed into parts. Then, right after sintering, the porous skeleton is infiltrated with liquid metal of the second material. The fill-up process of the pores happens through capillary forces. This process reaches, after the infiltration, near-theoretical density without subsequent pressing and is widely used for Ag- and Cu-refractory contacts. For Ag/W or Ag/WC contacts, controlling the amount or excess on the bottom side of the contact of the infiltration metal Ag, results in contact tips that can be easily attached to their carriers by resistance welding. For larger Cu/W contacts, additional machining is often used to obtain the final shape of the contact component.
 ==Gold Based Materials==
-Pure Gold is besides Platinum the chemically most stable of all precious metals. In its pure form, it is not very suitable for use as a contact material in  electromechanical devices because of its tendency to stick and cold-weld at even  low contact forces. In addition it is not hard or strong enough to resist mechanical wear and exhibits high material losses under electrical arcing loads. This limits its use in form of thin electroplated or vacuum deposited layers.
+Pure Gold is besides Platinum the chemically most stable of all precious metals. In its pure form, it is not very suitable for use as a contact material in electromechanical devices because of its tendency to stick and cold-weld at even  low contact forces. In addition, it is not hard or strong enough to resist mechanical wear and exhibits high material losses under electrical arcing loads. This limits its use in form of thin electroplated or vacuum deposited layers.
 Main Article: [[Gold Based Materials| Gold Based Materials]]
@@ Line 61: / Line 60: @@
 ==Platinum Metal Based Materials==
-The platinum group metals include the elements Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, and Os [[Platinum_Metal_Based_Materials|Table 1]]<!--(Table 2.6)-->. For electrical contacts platinum and palladium have practical significance as base alloy materials and ruthenium and iridium are used as alloying components. Pt and Pd have similar corrosion resistance as gold but because of their catalytical properties they tend to polymerize adsorbed organic vapors on contact surfaces. During frictional movement between contact surfaces, the polymerized compounds known as “brown powder” are formed, which can lead to a significant increase in contact resistance. Therefore Pt and Pd are typically used as alloys and not in their pure form for electrical contact applications.
+The platinum group metals include the elements Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir and Os ([[Platinum_Metal_Based_Materials|Table 1]]<!--(Table 2.6)-->). For electrical contacts, platinum and palladium have practical significance as base alloy materials and ruthenium and iridium are used as alloying components. Pt and Pd have similar corrosion resistance as gold but due to their catalytical properties, they tend to polymerize adsorbed organic vapors on contact surfaces. During frictional movement between contact surfaces, the polymerized compounds known as “brown powder” are formed, which can lead to a significant increase in contact resistance. Therefore Pt and Pd are typically used as alloys and are rather not used in their pure form for electrical contact applications.
 Main Article: [[Platinum Metal Based Materials| Platinum Metal Based Materials]]
@@ Line 75: / Line 74: @@
 ==Special Contact Materials (VAKURIT) for Vacuum Switches==
-The trade name VAKURIT is assigned to a family of low gas content contact materials developed for the use in vacuum switching devices [[Special_Contact_Materials_(VAKURIT)_for_Vacuum_Switches|Table 1]]
+The trade name VAKURIT is assigned to a family of low gas content contact materials, developed for the use in vacuum switching devices [[Special_Contact_Materials_(VAKURIT)_for_Vacuum_Switches|Table 1]]
 Main Article: [[Special Contact Materials (VAKURIT) for Vacuum Switches| Special Contact Materials (VAKURIT) for Vacuum Switches]]