Electrical Contacts - User contributions [en]

Contact Spring Calculations

2016-12-20T13:17:49Z

Admin:

===Contact Spring Calculations===
<figure id="fig:Oneside_fixed_contact_bending_spring">
[[File:One side fixed contact bending spring.jpg|right|thumb|One side fixed contact bending spring]]
</figure>
The influence of the dimensions can be illustrated best by using the single side fixed beam model <xr id="fig:Oneside_fixed_contact_bending_spring"/>. For small deflections the following equation is valid:
:$F = \frac{3 \cdot E \cdot J}{L^3} $

where J is the momentum of inertia of the rectangular cross section of the beam
:$J = \frac{B \cdot D^3}{12}$

For springs with a circular cross-sectional area the momentum of inertia is
:$J=\pi D^4/64$
:$D= Durchmesser$

To avoid plastic deformation of the spring the max bending force σ<sub>max</sub> cannot be exceeded
:$\sigma_{max} = \frac{3 \cdot E \cdot D}{2L^2}\cdot_{max}$

The stress limit is defined through the fatigue limit and the 0.2% elongation limit resp.
:$\times_{max} = \frac{2 \cdot L^2}{3 \cdot D \cdot E}R_{p0,2}$

<br />and/or<br />
:$F_{max} = \frac{B \cdot D^2}{6L}R_{p0,2}$

<li>'''Special Spring Shapes'''</li>
<ul>
<li>'''Triangular spring'''</li>

Deflection
:$ \times = \frac{F}{2 \cdot E \cdot J}L^3$

:$= \frac{6 \cdot F}{E \cdot B}\cdot \frac{L^3}{D^3}$

Max. bending force
:$\sigma_{max}= \frac{18 \cdot F \cdot L}{B \cdot D^2}$

<li>'''Trapezoidal spring'''</li>

Deflection
:$ \times = \frac{F}{(2 + B_{min} /B_{max})}\times \frac{L^3}{E \cdot J}$

:$\times= \frac{12 \cdot F}{(2 + B_{min} /B_{max})}\cdot \frac{L^3}{E \cdot B \cdot D^3}$

Max. bending force
:$\sigma_{max}= \frac{18 \cdot F \cdot L}{(2 + B_{min} /B_{max}) \cdot B_{max} \cdot D^2 }$
</ul>

<ul><li>--</li></ul>

==References==
[[Application Tables and Guideline Data for Use of Electrical Contact Design#References|References]]

[[de:Berechnung_von_Kontaktfedern]]

Contact Spring Calculations

2016-12-20T13:17:17Z

Admin:

===Contact Spring Calculations===
<figure id="fig:Oneside_fixed_contact_bending_spring">
[[File:One side fixed contact bending spring.jpg|right|thumb|One side fixed contact bending spring]]
</figure>
The influence of the dimensions can be illustrated best by using the single side fixed beam model <xr id="fig:Oneside_fixed_contact_bending_spring"/>. For small deflections the following equation is valid:
:$F = \frac{3 \cdot E \cdot J}{L^3} $

where J is the momentum of inertia of the rectangular cross section of the beam
:$J = \frac{B \cdot D^3}{12}$

For springs with a circular cross-sectional area the momentum of inertia is
:$J=\pi D^4/64$
:$D= Durchmesser$

To avoid plastic deformation of the spring the max bending force σ<sub>max</sub> cannot be exceeded
:$\sigma_{max} = \frac{3 \cdot E \cdot D}{2L^2}\cdot_{max}$

The stress limit is defined through the fatigue limit and the 0.2% elongation limit resp.
:$\times_{max} = \frac{2 \cdot L^2}{3 \cdot D \cdot E}R_{p0,2}$

<br />and/or<br />
:$F_{max} = \frac{B \cdot D^2}{6L}R_{p0,2}$

<li>'''Special Spring Shapes'''</li>
<ul>
<li>'''Triangular spring'''</li>

Deflection
:$ \times = \frac{F}{2 \cdot E \cdot J}L^3$

:$= \frac{6 \cdot F}{E \cdot B}\cdot \frac{L^3}{D^3}$

Max. bending force
:$\sigma_{max}= \frac{18 \cdot F \cdot L}{B \cdot D^2}$

<li>'''Trapezoidal spring'''</li>

Deflection
:$ \times = \frac{F}{(2 + B_{min} /B_{max})}\times \frac{L^3}{E \cdot J}$

:$\times= \frac{12 \cdot F}{(2 + B_{min} /B_{max})}\cdot \frac{L^3}{E \cdot B \cdot D^3}$

Max. bending force
:$\sigma_{max}= \frac{18 \cdot F \cdot L}{(2 + B_{min} /B_{max}) \cdot B_{max} \cdot D^2 }$
</ul>

==References==
[[Application Tables and Guideline Data for Use of Electrical Contact Design#References|References]]

[[de:Berechnung_von_Kontaktfedern]]

<ul><li>--</li></ul>

Galvanische Beschichtung

2015-11-23T14:16:09Z

Admin:

Zur galvanischen Abscheidung von Metallen, insbesondere Edelmetallen,
werden wässrige Lösungen (Elektrolyte) verwendet, die die abzuscheidenden
Metalle in Form von Ionen (z.B. gelöste Metallsalze) enthalten. Unter dem
Einfluss eines elektrischen Feldes zwischen der Anode und dem kathodisch
geschalteten Beschichtungsgut gelangen positiv geladene Metallionen zur
Kathode, wo sie ihre Ladung abgeben und sich als Metall auf der Oberfläche
abscheiden.
Je nach Einsatz, in der Elektrotechnik und Elektronik oder für dekorative
Zwecke, kommen unterschiedliche galvanische Bäder (Elektrolyte) zur
Anwendung. Die für die Edelmetallbeschichtung eingesetzten Galvanisieranlagen
und der Umfang ihrer Ausrüstung werden durch den vorgesehenen
technologischen Prozess bestimmt.
Die galvanischen Arbeitsverfahren erstrecken sich nicht nur auf den Vorgang
der reinen elektrochemischen Metallabscheidung, sondern umfassen auch die
Vor- und Nachbehandlung der zu beschichtenden Ware. Wichtigste Voraussetzung
für die Herstellung eines festhaftenden Überzuges ist eine metallisch
blanke, d.h. fett- und oxidfreie Oberfläche des zu veredelnden Werkstückes.
Hierfür gibt es verschiedene Vorbehandlungsverfahren, die auf den Oberflächenzustand
und die Eigenschaften des Werkstoffes abgestimmt sind.
In den folgenden Abschnitten werden galvanische Bäder - Edelmetall- und
Unedelmetallbäder - sowie die wichtigsten Galvanisierverfahren beschrieben.

====Galvanische Bäder====
Die eigentliche Metallabscheidung erfolgt in der Elektrolytlösung, die das abzuscheidende
Metall in Form von Ionen enthält. Daneben sind im Bad verfahrensbedingt
noch andere Hilfsstoffe, z.B. Leitsalze und, je nach Einsatz, Glanzzusätze
sowie organische Badzusätze, vorhanden, die beim Galvanisiervorgang in
die abgeschiedene Schicht inkorporiert werden und deren Eigenschaften
maßgeblich beeinflussen.

=====Edelmetallbäder=====

Alle Edelmetalle können galvanisch abgeschieden werden, wobei die Silber- und
Goldbäder anteilmäßig deutlich im Vordergrund stehen (<xr id="tab:Precious Metal Electrolytes for Technical Applications"/> and <xr id="tab:Precious Metal Electrolytes for Decorative Applications"/>).
Folgende Edelmetallbäder kommen zum Einsatz:

*Goldbäder <br>Für funktionelle und dekorative Zwecke werden Feingold -, Hartgold -, niederkarätige Gold- oder Farbgoldschichten abgeschieden. Entsprechend den jeweiligen Anforderungen können dazu entweder saure, neutrale und cyanidische Bäder auf Kaliumgoldcyanid-Basis oder cyanidfreie und neutrale Bäder auf Goldsulfitkomplex-Basis eingesetzt werden.<br />

*Palladium- und Platinbäder <br/> Palladium wird als reines Metall, für Anwendungen im Bereich elektrischer Kontakte jedoch meist als Legierungsschicht mit Nickel als Legierungspartner, abgeschieden. Bei hochwertigem Schmuck kommen Palladiumschichten auch als allergiefreie Zwischenschichten zum Einsatz, die als Diffusionsbarriere für kupferhaltige Basiswerkstoffe dienen. Platin wird überwiegend zur Oberflächenveredelung von Schmuckerzeugnissen verwendet.<br />

*Rutheniumbäder <br>Rutheniumschichten werden als Kontaktschichten für Reed-Kontakte vor allem aber für dekorative Zwecke eingesetzt. So erzielt man einen modischen Farbton mit der „grauen“ Rutheniumfarbe als Oberflächenschicht. Eine weitere Farbnuance erhält man mit Schwarzrutheniumniederschlägen, die sich speziell für Bi-Color Artikel eignen.<br />

*Rhodiumbäder <br>Rhodiumschichten sind außerordentlich hart (HV 700 - 1000) und verschleißfest. Daneben zeichnen sie sich durch eine hohe Lichtreflexion aus. Diese Eigenschaften werden gleichermaßen für technische und dekorative Anwendungen genutzt. Während für den Gebrauch im technischen Bereich vor allem harte, spannungsarme und rissfreie Schichten benötigt werden, stehen für den Einsatz in der Schmuckindustrie hellweiße Niederschläge mit hoher Korrosionsbeständigkeit im Vordergrund.<br />

*Silberbäder <br>Silberbäder, die keine weiteren Zusätze enthalten, ergeben matte, weiche Niederschläge (HV~80). Sie werden vor allem als Kontaktschichten z.B. in Steckverbindern eingesetzt. Die für dekorative Zwecke benötigten Eigenschaften, wie Glanz und Verschleißfestigkeit, werden durch spezielle Badzusätze erreicht.<br />

<figtable id="tab:Precious Metal Electrolytes for Technical Applications">
<caption>'''Edelmetallbäder für technische Anwendungen'''</caption>

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Badtypen
!pH-Bereich
!colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|Schichteigenschaften
!Anwendungsgebiete
|-
!
!
!Härte HV
!Feingehalt [kt]
!
|-
|colspan="5" |'''Goldbäder'''
|-
|AUROMET TN
|3.2 - 4.2
|ca. 70
|99.99% Au
|Vorvergoldung
|-
|AUROMET XPH
|0.3 - 0.6
|160 - 180
|99.8% Au
|Vorvergoldung für Edelstahl u.ä.
|-
|DODUREX COC
|4.6 - 4.9
|160 - 180
|99.6% Au
|Leiterplatten, Steckverbinder, Kontaktteile usw.,<br />techn. Hartvergoldung für Gestellund Trommelware
|-
|DODUREX HS 100
|4.3 - 4.6
|160 - 180
|99.6% Au
|High-Speed-Prozess für Steckverbinder und LP-Technik
|-
|PURAMET 202<br />PURAMET 402
|5.5 - 6.5<br />7.0 - 7.5
|60 - 80<br />60 - 80
|99.99% Au<br />99.99% Au
|Hochreine Goldüberzüge für die Elektrotechnik u. Elektronik incl. Halbleiteru. LP-Technik<br />bei hohen Anforderungen an Bondeigenschaften
|-
|colspan="5" |'''Platinbäder'''
|-
|RHODOPLAT T
|stark sauer
|900
|99.0% Rh
|Duktile Rhodiumabscheidungen für dicke Schichten, Reed-Kontakte, Gleitkontakte
|-
|RUTHENIUMBAD
|stark sauer
|900
|99.0% Ru
|Rissfreie, dicke Rutheniumschichten
|-
|PLATINBAD 5
|stark sauer
|240 - 260
|99.9% Pt
|Hochtemperaturschalter usw.
|-
|DODUPAL 3
|7.0 - 8.0
|220 - 250
|99.9% Pd
|Dünne Palladiumschicht als Diffusionsbarriere
|-
|DODUPAL 5
|7.0 - 8.0
|220 - 250
|99.9% Pd
|Steckverbinder u. Kontaktteile
|-
|DODUPAL 10
|8.0 - 8.5
|350 - 400
|80.0% Pd
|Pd/Ni für Steckverbinder u. Kontaktteile
|-
|colspan="5" |'''Silberbäder'''
|-
|ARGOL 30
|cyanidisch
|ca. 90
|99.9% Ag
|rowspan="4" |Kontaktteile, Steckverbinder
|-
|ARGOL HS 100
|ca.. 9.0
|90 - 120
|99.9% Ag
|-
|ARGOL 2000
|approx. 12.0
|
|
|-
|ARGOL 400
|
|160 - 180
|
|}
</figtable>

=====Unedelmetallbäder=====

Die wichtigsten Metalle dieser Gruppe, die auf galvanischem Wege abgeschieden
werden, sind: Kupfer, Nickel, Zinn und Zink und deren Legierungen. Die
Abscheidung erfolgt in Form reiner Metalle, wobei verschiedenartige Badtypen
zum Einsatz kommen (<xr id="tab:Typical Electrolytes for the Deposition of Non-Precious Metals"/>).

*Kupferbäder <br>Kupferbäder werden entweder zur Aufbringung einer Zwischenschicht beim Galvanisieren von Teilen und Bändern, zum Leiterbildaufbau oder zur Endverstärkung bei der Herstellung von Leiterplatten eingesetzt.<br />

*Zinnbäder <br>Reinzinn- und Zinn-Legierungsschichten werden sowohl als matte wie auch glänzende Endschichten für die Herstellung lötbarer Oberflächen verwendet. Bei der Leiterplattenherstellung dienen sie auch als Ätzresist zur Leiterbildstrukturierung nach der galvanischen Kupferabscheidung.<br />

<figtable id="tab:Precious Metal Electrolytes for Decorative Applications">
<caption>'''Edelmetallbäder für dekorative Anwendungen'''</caption>

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Badtypen
!pH-Bereich
!colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|Schichteigenschaften
!Anwendungsgebiete
|-
!
!
!Härte HV
!Feingehalt [kt]
!
|-
|colspan="5" |'''Goldbäder'''
|-
|DURAMET 1N14<br />DURAMET 2N18<br />DURAMET 3N<br />DURAMET 265S<br />DURAMET 333S<br />DURAMET 386S
|3.4 - 3.8<br />3.4 - 3.8<br />3.4 - 3.8<br />3.4 - 3.8<br />3.2 - 3.6<br />3.4 - 3.8
|1N<br />2N<br />3N<br />Hamilton<br />1N<br />Hamilton
|23<br />23<br />23<br />23<br />23<br />23
|Schmuck, Uhren, Schreibgeräte, Brillen, Armaturen usw.
|-
|HELODOR 630
|8.5 - 9.5
|rose´
|22
|Brillen, Schmuck, Uhren, Schreibgeräte
|-
|DODUPLAT Y18<br />DODUPLAT Y18HS
|9.5 - 10.5<br />9.5 - 11
|2N<br />2N
|18<br />16
|Schmuck, Uhren, Schreibgeräte
|-
|AUROMET TN<br />AUROMET 2<br />AUROMET 4
|3.2 - 4.2<br />3.2 - 4.0<br />3.2 - 4.2
|Feinold<br />2 - 3N<br />2 - 3N
|23<br />23<br />23
|Farbvergoldung für Schmuck, Uhren, Schreibgeräte, Armaturen, Brillen usw.
|-
|colspan="5" |'''Platinmetallbäder'''
|-
|RHODIOR 2<br />RHODIOR 20<br />RHODIOR 25<br />RHODIOR 40
|< 1<br />< 1<br />< 1<br />< 1
|weiß<br />weiß<br />weiß<br />weiß
|99.99%Rh<br />99.99%Rh<br />99.99%Rh<br />99.99%Rh
|Hellweiße Rhodiumschichten hoher Härte für Schmuck, Uhren, Schreibgeräte usw.
|-
|RUTHENIUMBAD
|stark sauer
|grau/schwarz
|99.0%Ru
|Sehr harte, glanzerhaltende Rutheniumschicht
|-
|PLATINBAD
|stark sauer
|weiß
|99.9%Pt
|Schmuck, Uhren usw.
|-
|DODUPAL 3
|7.0 - 7.6
|Pd-Farbe
|95%Pd
|Dünne Pd/Zn Schicht als Diffusionsbarriere (Ni-frei)
|-
|DODUPAL 10
|8.0 - 8.5
|weiß
|80%Pd
|Pd/Zn-Legierung für Dekoration
|-
|DODUPAL 12
|7.0 - 8.0
|weiß
|95%Pd
|Pd/Zn-Legierung für Dekoration
|-
|colspan="5" |'''Silberbad'''
|-
|ARGOL 2000
|11.5 - 12.5
|hellweiß
|99.9%Ag
|Schmuck, Uhren, Dekoration
|}
</figtable>

*Nickelbäder <br>Nickelschichten werden überwiegend als Diffusionsbarriere beim Vergolden von Kupfer oder als Zwischenschicht beim Verzinnen eingesetzt.<br />

*Bronzebäder <br>Bronzeschichten - in weißem oder gelbem Farbton - werden entweder als Nickelersatz für allergiefreie Zwischenschichten oder als Oberflächenschicht für dekorative Zwecke eingesetzt. Auch im Bereich technischer Anwendungen kommt die Bronzeschicht aufgrund ihrer Korrosionsbeständigkeit und guten Lötbarkeit zum Zuge.<br />

<figtable id="tab:Typical Electrolytes for the Deposition of Non-Precious Metals">
<caption>'''Gebräuchliche Elektrolyte zur Abscheidung von Unedelmetallen'''</caption>

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Badtypen
!pH-Bereich
!Badtemperatur<br />[°C]
!Stromdichte<br />[A/dm²]
!Ausbeute [%]
|-
|colspan="5" |'''Kupferbäder'''
|-
|Cyanidisch Kupfer
|10 - 13
|40 - 65
|0 .5 - 4
|70-95
|-
|Sauer Kupfer
|<1
|20 - 35
|2 - 8
|<100
|-
|colspan="5" |'''Nickelbäder'''
|-
|Watts Nickelbad<br />(Sulfat)
|3 - 5
|40 - 70
|3 - 10
|95-97
|-
|Sulfamat Nickel
|3 - 4
|30 - 60
|5 - 20
|95-97
|-
|colspan="5" |'''Zinnbäder'''
|-
|Sauer Zinn (Sulfat)
|<1
|18 - 25
|1 - 3
|<100
|-
|Alkalisch Zinn
|>10
|75 - 80
|2 - 17
|max.95
|-
|colspan="5" |'''Bronzebäder'''
|-
|DODUBRONCE W
|stark alkalisch
|55 - 60
|0.5 - 1.5
|
|-
|DODUBRONCE G
|stark alkalisch
|45 - 50
|2 - 3.5
|
|-
|DODUBRONCE AF
|stark alkalisch
|58 - 62
|0.5 - 1.5
|
|}
</figtable>

====Galvanische Beschichtung von Teilen====
Die allseitige - bzw. Rundumveredelung kleiner Massenteile, wie Kontaktfedern,
-niete oder -stifte erfolgt i.d.R. als schüttfähiges Massengut in Galvanisierglocken
oder -trommeln. Während des Abscheidungsprozesses werden der
Elektrolyt und die zu beschichtenden Teile dauernd durchgemischt, um eine
möglichst gleichmäßige Beschichtung zu erreichen.

Größere Teile werden häufig als Gestellware allseitig oder durch gezieltes Eintauchen
in den Elektrolyten bzw. durch Einsatz spezieller Masken oder Abdeckverfahren
auch partiell veredelt. Auch Innenbeschichtungen von Bohrungen und
Rohren lassen sich mittels spezieller Vorrichtungen ausführen.

'''Galvanisch beschichtete Teile'''

[[File:Electroplated Parts.jpg|left|Galvanisch beschichtete Teile]]

<div class="clear"></div>
*'''Werkstoffe'''
{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px;width:70%"
|-
!colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|Beschichtungen
|-
|Edelmetalle:
|Feingold, Hartgold (HV 150 bis 250) Palladium, Palladium-Nickel, Rhodium, Feinsilber, Hartsilber (HV 130 bis 160)
|-
|Unedelmetalle
|Kupfer, Nickel, Zinn, Zinnlegierungen
|-
|Trägerwerkstoffe
|Kupfer, Kupferlegierungen, Nickel, Nickellegierungen, Eisen, Stahl, Aluminium, Aluminiumlegierungen, Verbundwerkstoffe wie Aluminium-Siliziumkarbid
|}

*'''Schichtdicken und Toleranzen'''

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px;width:70%"
|-
|Edelmetalle:
|0,2 - 5 μm (übliche Schichtdicken; bei Ag auch bis 25 μm)
|-
|Unedelmetalle:
|bis ca. 20 μm
|-
|Toleranzen:
|je nach geometrischer Form der Teile stark schwankend (bis ca. 50%, bezogen auf die festgelegte Prüfstelle). Es empfiehlt sich, einen Mindestwert für die Schichtdicke an einem konkreten Messpunkt vorzuschreiben.
|}

*'''Qualitätsmerkmale'''
Fertigungsbegleitend geprüft und dokumentiert werden je nach Anwendung
u.a. folgende Schichtmerkmale:

*Schichtdicke
*Haftfestigkeit
*Porosität
*Lötbarkeit
*Bondbarkeit
*Kontaktwiderstand

Die Prüfungen und die Festlegung der Prüfmerkmale erfolgen nach einschlägigen
Normen, Werksnormen bzw. Kundenspezifikationen.

====Galvanische Beschichtung von Halbzeugen====
Die Aufgabe, Bänder, Profile und Drähte in kontinuierlich arbeitenden Anlagen
allseitig bzw. rundum galvanisch zu beschichten, wird üblicherweise im Durchzugsverfahren
gelöst. Die Arbeitsschritte der einzelnen Behandlungsstationen
(Reinigen, Prozessbäder, Spülen) stimmen in der Abfolge mit den Verfahrensschritten
bei der Teilebeschichtung überein.

Die allseitige Beschichtung wird überwiegend zur Versilberung oder Verzinnung
von Bändern und Drähten verwendet. Die abgeschiedenen Schichten sind im
Vergleich zu Hartgold- oder Palladiumüberzügen duktil, so dass bei -Stanz- und
Biegevorgängen keine Risse in den Niederschlägen entstehen.

====Selektive galvanische Beschichtung====
Da Edelmetalle teuer sind, besteht ein Zwang, entsprechende Trägerteile möglichst
wirtschaftlich und nur an den für die Funktion erforderlichen Stellen zu
beschichten. Dies führt zwangsläufig von der allseitigen Beschichtung von
Bändern zur selektiven Galvanisierung von Bandmaterial im Durchzugsverfahren.
Je nach Anwendung kommen sowohl massive als auch vorgestanzte
und im Funktionsbereich geformte Bänder oder vom Draht gestanzte bzw.
gedrehte und auf einem metallischen Haltestreifen gegurtete Stifte zum Einsatz.

Das Kernstück der selektiven Edelmetallabscheidung stellt die Galvanisier- oder
Beschichtungszelle dar. In ihr ist die Anode in geringem Abstand zum kathodisch
geschalteten Band angeordnet. Dazwischen befinden sich gegebenenfalls
Kathodenabschirmungen oder Masken, die den Verlauf der elektrischen
Feldlinien auf bestimmte Bereiche der Kathode konzentrieren.

Um möglichst kurze Beschichtungszeiten zu erreichen, werden für die Selektivgalvanisierung spezielle Hochleistungselektrolyte eingesetzt und durch eine hohe Strömungsgeschwindigkeit
für raschen Elektrolytaustausch in der Abscheidungszone
gesorgt.

Für die gezielte, auf den Funktionsbereich begrenzte Edelmetallbeschichtung
einer Kontaktfeder wird als Galvanisierzelle häufig die sog. Brushzelle verwendet
(<xr id="fig:Brush Tampon plating cell"/>). Der Brush oder Tampon besteht aus einem dachförmigen Metallkörper
aus Titan, der mit einem Gewebe aus Vlies überzogen ist. Der Metallkörper
weist an bestimmten Stellen Öffnungen auf, durch die der Elektrolyt auf das
Gewebe gelangt. Dort befindet sich auch die aus einem Platinnetz bestehende
Anode. Das zu beschichtende, vorgestanzte und im Kontaktbereich geformte
Band wird unter einem bestimmten Druck über das mit Elektrolyt getränkte
Gewebe gezogen und mit Elektrolyt benetzt. Dies ermöglicht eine Metallabscheidung
besonders hoher Selektivität.

<figure id="fig:Brush Tampon plating cell">
[[File:Brush Tampon plating cell.jpg|right|thumb|Brush-(Tamponzelle); 1 Band; 2 Anode; 3 Elektrolytzuführung; 4 Vliesbedeckte Zelle]]
</figure>
Für bestimmte Anwendungen, z.B. bei Systemträgern für Halbleiterbauelemente
wird eine punktförmige Veredelung benötigt. Diese Beschichtungsart wird
mittels zweier mitlaufender Riemenmasken erreicht. Eine dieser beiden Masken
enthält Fenster, welche die zur Veredelung bestimmten Flächen freigeben.

Die verschiedenen Ausführungsformen und Verfahren der selektiven
Beschichtung sind zusammengefasst:

*'''Tauchgalvanisierung'''
Allseitige oder selektive, beidseitige Beschichtung von massiven Bändern oder Stanzteilen am Band

*'''Streifengalvanisierung'''
Streifenveredelung massiver Bänder mittels Radzellenund Maskierungstechnik

*'''Selektive Galvanisierung'''
Einseitige selektive Beschichtung massiver, vorgestanzten oder metallisch gegurteter Bänder mittels Brushplating

*'''Spotgalvanisierung'''
Punktförmige Veredelung von Kontaktflächen auf vorgelochten Bändern oder Stanzteilen am Band

'''Typische Beispiele für galvanisch beschichtete Halbzeuge'''
(allseitig und selektiv)
[[File:Typical examples of electroplated semi finished materials.jpg|left|Typische Beispiele für galvanisch beschichtete Halbzeuge (allseitig und selektiv)]]

<div class="clear"></div>
*'''Werkstoffe'''
{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px;width:70%"
|-
!Beschichtungen
!Schichtdicken
!Bemerkungen
|-
|colspan="3" |'''Edelmetalle'''
|-
|Feingold<br />Hartgold (AuCo 0.3)
|0.1 - 3 μm
|In Sonderfällen bis 10 μm
|-
|Palladium-Nickel (PdNi20)
|0.1 - 5 μm
|Häufig zusätzlich 0,2 μm AuCo 0,3
|-
|Silber
|0.5 - 10 μm
|in Sonderfällen bis 40 μm
|-
|colspan="3" |'''Unedelmetalle'''
|-
|Nickel
|0.5 - 4 μm
|Diffusionsbarriere insbesondere bei Gold-Schichten
|-
|Kupfer
|1 - 5 μm
|Zwischenschicht bei Verzinnung von CuZn-Werkstoffen
|-
|Zinn, Zinn-Legierungen
|0.8 - 25 μm
|
|}

*'''Trägerwerkstoffe'''
Kupfer, Kupferlegierungen, Nickel, Nickellegierungen, Edelstahl

*'''Abmessungen und Toleranzen'''

[[File:Dimensions and Tolerances.jpg|left|Abmessungen und Toleranzen]]

<br style="clear:both;"/>

*'''Toleranzen'''

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px;width:30%"
|-
|Schichtdicke
|± 10 %
|-
|Schichtbreite und Lage
|± 0,5 mm
|}

*'''Qualitätsmerkmale'''
Festigkeitswerte und Maßtoleranzen der Trägerbänder entsprechen den einschlägigen
Normen, z.B. DIN EN 1652 und1654 für Kupfer und Kupferlegierungen.
Je nach Anwendung werden folgende Merkmale geprüft und dokumentiert
(s. Galvanisieren von Teilen):

*Schichtdicke
*Haftfestigkeit
*Porosität
*Lötbarkeit
*Bondbarkeit
*Kontaktwiderstand

Die Prüfungen und die Festlegung der Prüfmerkmale erfolgen nach einschlägigen
Normen, Werksnormen bzw. Kundenspezifikationen.

==Referenzen==
[[Beschichtungsverfahren#Referenzen|Referenzen]]

[[en:Electroplating_(or_Galvanic_Deposition)]]

Galvanische Beschichtung

2015-11-23T14:15:47Z

Admin:

MediaWiki:Common.css

2014-05-28T15:16:37Z

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Template:MainArticles

2014-05-28T15:09:31Z

Admin:

<h4>Welcome to our new Wiki of electrical contacts</h4>
The basis of this Wiki is the 2012 issue of the "DODUCO Data Book of Electrical Contacts" which is also available in printed form.<br>
To get your desired information, please use:
*[[Table of Contents ]]
*[[Guide|Contact Wiki Guide]]
*Search Window

For further questions or help, please contact us directly under [[Special:Contact|Contact DODUCO]]

<h4>Featured Article</h4>
<article count="1" length="450"/>

Template:MainArticles

2014-05-28T15:08:31Z

Admin:

<h4>Welcome to our new Wiki of electrical contacts</h4>
The basis of this Wiki is the 2012 issue of the “DODUCO Data Book of Electrical Contacts” which is also available in printed form.
To get your desired information, please use:
*[[Table of Contents ]]
*[[Guide|Contact Wiki Guide]]
*Search Window

For further questions or help, please contact us directly under [[Special:Contact|Contact DODUCO]]

<h4>Featured Article</h4>
<article count="1" length="450"/>

2014-05-23T07:51:42Z

Admin:

Soon after it's founding in 1922 Electrical Contacts became the focal world for DODUCO. In
the previous two editions of the DODUCO Data Book this world was mostly limited to
Europe. Since expanding its reach globally from the 1970s through the 1990s, including the
start-up of manufacturing operations in China, the employees of DODUCO have
concentrated on solving electrical contact problems around the world as the main task of
their daily work.

Ever increasing requirements on the performance of contacts in electrical switching devices,
the need for highly reliable interconnections between electro-mechanics and electronics, the
minimizing of precious metal usage, and the call for more environmentally compatible
materials and manufacturing processes, defined in the past years the development of
materials and technologies related to electrical contacts. These latest developments and
repeated requests from our customers were the motivation to publish a new edition of the
well known DODUCO Data Book. It includes now also materials whose properties and
applications are mostly relevant in the North American and Asian markets. We also included
materials which are needed for the manufacturing of contact parts and assemblies, but are
outside of AMI DODUCO's product offerings. These include contact carrier materials such as
copper and nickel alloys, as well as thermostatic materials and brazing alloys.

Even so we felt it necessary to add more detailed descriptive passages about products
and technologies, which expanded the original focus on mostly data tables and
diagrams, we continue to keep the name Data Book. We updated and re-wrote most
chapters for the third edition but changed to a slightly larger format of the book in order
to improve its ease of use. We also expanded and updated the references at the end of
each chapter which are meant to aid those readers who want to benefit from more and
deeper detailed published resources.

The third edition was published in English in 2010 under the name AMI DODUCO.
Since later in that year our company is owned by the investment groups Tinicum
Capital Partners II and JP Asia Partners and again is registered under the former name
of DODUCO, however using a new corporate identity and image. This event served as
the reason to again revise the Data Book and publish the latest version under the well
known corporate name of DODUCO.

This new DODUCO Data Book again is meant to be a handy reference and data source
for all those who need to work in the field of electrical contacts and their applications. It
can however not be a full substitute for personal discussions with experts in electrical
contact technology. For such technical exchanges we offer the direct expertise and
advice from our application engineers and research and development staff who are
ready to answer your questions.

Please challenge us with your unique problems or special requests; because our
world is the World of Electrical Contacts.

The Editors
DODUCO
Pforzheim, Germany, May 2012

#[[Physical Properties of the Most Important Metals|Physical Properties of the Most Important Metals ]]
#[[Contact Materials for Electrical Engineering| Contact Materials for Electrical Engineering ]]
#[[Manufacturing Technologies for Contact Parts|Manufacturing Technologies for Contact Parts ]]
#[[Brazing Alloys and Fluxes|Brazing Alloys and Fluxes ]]
#[[Contact Carrier Materials|Contact Carrier Materials ]]
#[[Application Tables and Guideline Data for Use of Electrical Contact Design |Application Tables and Guideline Data for Use of Electrical Contact Design ]]
#[[Surface Coating Technologies| Surface Coating Technologies ]]
#[[ Precious Metal Powders and Preparations|Precious Metal Powders and Preparations ]]
#[[Applications for Bonding Technologies|Applications for Bonding Technologies ]]
#[[Electromechanical Components | Electromechanical Components ]]
#[[Precious Metal Refining| Precious Metal Refining ]]
#[[Environmental Aspects| Environmental Aspects]]
#[[Testing Procedures| Testing Procedures]]

Template:Path

2014-05-21T13:55:21Z

Admin:

<div class="accordion">
<ol>
<li>
Infomation technology
</li>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Galvanic deposition]]</span></div>
<div>For electroplating of metals, especially precious metals, water based solutions (electrolytes) are used which contain the metals to be deposited as ions (i.e. dissolved metal salts). An electric field between the anode and the work pieces as the cathode forces the positively charged metal ions to move to the cathode where they give up their charge and deposit themselves as metal on the surface of the work piece. Depending on the application, for electric and electronic or decorative end use, different electrolytic bath solutions (electrolytes) are used. The electroplating equipment used for precious metal plating and its complexity varies widely depending on the process technologies employed. Electroplating processes are encompassing besides the pure metal deposition also preparative and post treatments of the goods to be coated. An important parameter for creating strongly adhering deposits is the surface of the goods to be metallic clean without oily or oxide film residues. This is achieved through various pre-treatment processes specifically developed for the types of material and surface conditions of the goods to be plated. In the following segments electrolytes – both precious and non-precious – as well as the most widely used electroplating processes are described.
[[Electroplating_(or_Galvanic_Deposition)|more]] </div>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|PVD]]</span></div>
<div>The term PVD (physical vapor deposition) defines processes of metal, metal alloys, and chemical compounds deposition in a vacuum by adding thermal and kinetic energy through particle bombardment. The main processes are the following four coating variations:
* Vapor deposition
* Sputtering (Cathode atomization)
* Arc vaporizing
* Ion implantation
In all four processes the coating material is transported in its atomic form to the substrate and deposited on it as a thin layer (a few nm to approx. 10 μm)
[[Surface_Coating_Technologies#7.2_Coatings_from_the_Gaseous_Phase_.28Vacuum_Deposition.29|more]]
</div>

<li> Energy technology (typically < 12V <500mA)</li>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Cocurrent flow]]</span></div>
<div>
{|class="pathtable" style="width:100%;"
!  
! colspan="5" |Switching current
|-
|class=" first " |Applications
|class="ordered" | 1
|class="ordered" | 10
|class="ordered" | 100
|class="ordered" | 1000
|class="ordered" | 10.000
|-
|class="other"| Automotive relays and switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag,AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#SilverMetal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"| DC-switches and contactors
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1 long1" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO2, (Ag/CdO)]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|DC- Heavy-duty switchgear (industrial)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1 long2" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO2, Ag/CdO]]</span></div>
|-
|}
</div>
<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Single-phase alternating current]]</span></div>
<div>
{|class="pathtable"
!  
! colspan="5" |Switching current
|-
|class=" first " |Applications
|class="ordered" | 1
|class="ordered" | 10
|class="ordered" | 100
|class="ordered" | 1000
|class="ordered" | 10.000
|-
|class="other"| Appliance switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"| Light switches <br />
Main switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br /> [[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 20%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Power relays
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 18%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Circuit breakers
(domestic MCCBs)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnOAg/CdO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Disconnect, power and motor switches (control relays and contactors)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 22%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnOAg/CdO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other" | Heavy-duty switchgear (industrial)
| colspan="6" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 22%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 30%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span> <span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Tungsten_and_Molybdenum_Based_Materials|Ag/W, Ag/WC/C<br />Ag/Wc]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Automotive relays and switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag,AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#SilverMetal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>]]</span></div>
|-
|}
</div>

</ol>
</div>

Template:Path

2014-05-21T13:55:02Z

Admin:

<div class="accordion">
<ol>
<li>
Infomation technology
</li>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Galvanic deposition]]</span></div>
<div>For electroplating of metals, especially precious metals, water based solutions (electrolytes) are used which contain the metals to be deposited as ions (i.e. dissolved metal salts). An electric field between the anode and the work pieces as the cathode forces the positively charged metal ions to move to the cathode where they give up their charge and deposit themselves as metal on the surface of the work piece. Depending on the application, for electric and electronic or decorative end use, different electrolytic bath solutions (electrolytes) are used. The electroplating equipment used for precious metal plating and its complexity varies widely depending on the process technologies employed. Electroplating processes are encompassing besides the pure metal deposition also preparative and post treatments of the goods to be coated. An important parameter for creating strongly adhering deposits is the surface of the goods to be metallic clean without oily or oxide film residues. This is achieved through various pre-treatment processes specifically developed for the types of material and surface conditions of the goods to be plated. In the following segments electrolytes – both precious and non-precious – as well as the most widely used electroplating processes are described.
[[Electroplating_(or_Galvanic_Deposition)|more]] </div>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|PVD]]</span></div>
<div>The term PVD (physical vapor deposition) defines processes of metal, metal alloys, and chemical compounds deposition in a vacuum by adding thermal and kinetic energy through particle bombardment. The main processes are the following four coating variations:
* Vapor deposition
* Sputtering (Cathode atomization)
* Arc vaporizing
* Ion implantation
In all four processes the coating material is transported in its atomic form to the substrate and deposited on it as a thin layer (a few nm to approx. 10 μm)
[[Surface_Coating_Technologies#7.2_Coatings_from_the_Gaseous_Phase_.28Vacuum_Deposition.29|more]]
</div>

<li> Energy technology (typically < 12V <500mA)</li>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Cocurrent flow]]</span></div>
<div>
{|class="pathtable"
!  
! colspan="5" |Switching current
|-
|class=" first " |Applications
|class="ordered" | 1
|class="ordered" | 10
|class="ordered" | 100
|class="ordered" | 1000
|class="ordered" | 10.000
|-
|class="other"| Automotive relays and switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag,AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#SilverMetal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"| DC-switches and contactors
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1 long1" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO2, (Ag/CdO)]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|DC- Heavy-duty switchgear (industrial)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1 long2" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO2, Ag/CdO]]</span></div>
|-
|}
</div>
<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Single-phase alternating current]]</span></div>
<div>
{|class="pathtable"
!  
! colspan="5" |Switching current
|-
|class=" first " |Applications
|class="ordered" | 1
|class="ordered" | 10
|class="ordered" | 100
|class="ordered" | 1000
|class="ordered" | 10.000
|-
|class="other"| Appliance switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"| Light switches <br />
Main switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br /> [[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 20%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Power relays
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 18%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Circuit breakers
(domestic MCCBs)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnOAg/CdO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Disconnect, power and motor switches (control relays and contactors)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 22%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnOAg/CdO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other" | Heavy-duty switchgear (industrial)
| colspan="6" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 22%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 30%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span> <span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Tungsten_and_Molybdenum_Based_Materials|Ag/W, Ag/WC/C<br />Ag/Wc]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Automotive relays and switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag,AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#SilverMetal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>]]</span></div>
|-
|}
</div>

</ol>
</div>

MediaWiki:Common.css

2014-05-21T13:54:47Z

Admin:

.page-Main_Page #content {border-top:0}
.page-Main_Page #firstHeading{margin-bottom: 0}
.page-Create_New_Article #p-cactions, .page-Create_New_Article #p-views, .page-Create_New__Article #p-namespaces { display: none !important; }
.page-Main_Page #p-cactions, .page-Main_Page #p-views, .page-Main_Page #p-namespaces { display: none !important; }

.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #p-cactions,
.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #p-views,
.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #p-namespaces,
.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #ca-view,
.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #ca-edit,
.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #ca-talk,
.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #ca-viewsource,
.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #ca-history { display: none !important; }

.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #firstHeading, .page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts h1 { margin-bottom: 0}

.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #content{border-top: none;}

.page-Discussion #ca-edit, .page-Discussion #p-cactions ,.page-Discussion #p-views ,
.page-Discussion #ca-talk,
.page-Discussion #ca-viewsource,
.page-Discussion #ca-history { display: none !important; }

/* hide mediawiki powered by*/

#footer-icon-poweredby { display: none; }

/*hide tabs on custom (main) page

.page-Main_Page #ca-talk, .page-Main_Page #ca-viewsource, .page-Main_Page #ca-view, .page-Main_Page #ca-edit, .page-Main_Page #ca-history {
display: none !important;
}

*/
/* LOGO */

#p-logo {
/* background-color: lightgray;*/
width: 7em;
left:0;
}

table.mainPage{
border: 0;
background: transparent;
width: 100%;
}
table.mainPage td{
vertical-align: top;
width:45%;
}

table.mainPage td + td{
padding-left: 30px;
}
table.mainPage td p{
padding-left: 5px;
}
.small{
font-size: 10px;
}
.mainPage h4{
background-color: lightgray;
padding-left: 5px
}

#toc, .toc{display: table;}
#toc ul li, .toc ul li, #toc ul, .toc ul{ list-style-type: none;list-style-image: none; list-style: none;}
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#siteSub{display:none}#jump-to-nav{margin-top:-1.4em;margin-bottom:1.4em }#contentSub,#contentSub2{font-size:84%;line-height:1.2em;margin:0 0 1.4em 1em;color:#7d7d7d;width:auto}span.subpages{display:block}html,body{height:100%;margin:0;padding:0;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1em}body{background-color:white}
div#content{padding:0em 1em 1em 0;margin-top:-3px;background-color:white;color:black;direction:ltr;border-top: 1px solid gray;margin-left: 1em;}#mw-navigation h2{position:absolute;top:-9999px}
#mw-page-base{height:5em;background-color:white;}

}
#mw-head-base{margin-top:-5em;margin-left:10em;height:5em}div#mw-head{position:absolute;height:2em;top:0;right:0;width:100%}div#mw-head h3,div#mw-head h5{margin:0;padding:0}div.emptyPortlet{display:none}#p-personal{position:absolute;top:0.33em;right:0.75em;z-index:1}#p-personal h3,#p-personal h5{display:none}#p-personal ul{list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none;margin:0;padding-left:10em}#p-personal li{line-height:1.125em;float:left}#p-personal li{margin-left:0.75em;margin-top:0.5em;font-size:0.75em;white-space:nowrap}
div.vectorTabs h3,div.vectorTabs h5,div.vectorMenu h3 span,div.vectorMenu h5 span{display:none}div.vectorTabs{float:left;height:2.5em}div.vectorTabs{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAAuCAIAAABmjeQ9AAAARElEQVR4XmVO0QqAQAwy//+P87QjGUf0IDo3ZZREAD84eXkZ5YDBRQcFwpXv3kW1N4/GmZXe326/xnf9ya8zzy/NtusBX91B1f55qzcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);background-image:url(http://http://www.electrical-contacts-wiki.com/skins/vector/images/tab-break.png?2013-09-03T18:56:40Z)!ie;background-position:bottom left;background-repeat:no-repeat;padding-left:1px}div.vectorTabs ul{float:left}div.vectorTabs ul{height:100%;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none;margin:0;padding:0}div.vectorTabs ul li{float:left}div.vectorTabs ul li{line-height:1.125em;display:inline-block;height:100%;margin:0;padding:0;background-color:#f3f3f3;background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAABkCAIAAADITs03AAAAPElEQVR4XuWK2xEAIAzCsPvv5DSu0ahX3yv4wQVyGGCSvg2dnJvduT8sz/IwKOIfjCi2z/76FhHeJcslVZQFLUC06LZ/AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC);background-image:url(http://http://www.electrical-contacts-wiki.com/skins/vector/images/tab-normal-fade.png?2013-09-03T18:56:40Z)!ie;background-position:bottom left;background-repeat:repeat-x;white-space:nowrap}div.vectorTabs ul > li{display:block}div.vectorTabs li.selected{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAABkAQAAAABvV2fNAAAADUlEQVQIHWNoYBgWEACJ5TIB0K9KcAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==);background-image:url(http://http://www.electrical-contacts-wiki.com/skins/vector/images/tab-current-fade.png?2013-09-03T18:56:40Z)!ie}div.vectorTabs li 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Template:Path

2014-05-21T13:53:55Z

Admin:

Template:Path

2014-05-21T13:52:37Z

Admin:

<div class="accordion">
<ol>
<li>
Infomation technology
</li>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Galvanic deposition]]</span></div>
<div>For electroplating of metals, especially precious metals, water based solutions (electrolytes) are used which contain the metals to be deposited as ions (i.e. dissolved metal salts). An electric field between the anode and the work pieces as the cathode forces the positively charged metal ions to move to the cathode where they give up their charge and deposit themselves as metal on the surface of the work piece. Depending on the application, for electric and electronic or decorative end use, different electrolytic bath solutions (electrolytes) are used. The electroplating equipment used for precious metal plating and its complexity varies widely depending on the process technologies employed. Electroplating processes are encompassing besides the pure metal deposition also preparative and post treatments of the goods to be coated. An important parameter for creating strongly adhering deposits is the surface of the goods to be metallic clean without oily or oxide film residues. This is achieved through various pre-treatment processes specifically developed for the types of material and surface conditions of the goods to be plated. In the following segments electrolytes – both precious and non-precious – as well as the most widely used electroplating processes are described.
[[Electroplating_(or_Galvanic_Deposition)|more]] </div>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|PVD]]</span></div>
<div>The term PVD (physical vapor deposition) defines processes of metal, metal alloys, and chemical compounds deposition in a vacuum by adding thermal and kinetic energy through particle bombardment. The main processes are the following four coating variations:
* Vapor deposition
* Sputtering (Cathode atomization)
* Arc vaporizing
* Ion implantation
In all four processes the coating material is transported in its atomic form to the substrate and deposited on it as a thin layer (a few nm to approx. 10 μm)
[[Surface_Coating_Technologies#7.2_Coatings_from_the_Gaseous_Phase_.28Vacuum_Deposition.29|more]]
</div>

<li> Energy technology (typically < 12V <500mA)</li>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Cocurrent flow]]</span></div>
<div>
{|class="pathtable"
!  
! colspan="5" |Switching current
|-
|class=" first " |Applications
|class="ordered" | 1
|class="ordered" | 10
|class="ordered" | 100
|class="ordered" | 1000
|class="ordered" | 10.000
|-
|class="other"| Automotive relays and switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag,AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#SilverMetal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"| DC-switches and contactors
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1 long1" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO2, (Ag/CdO)]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|DC- Heavy-duty switchgear (industrial)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1 long2" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO2, Ag/CdO]]</span></div>
|-
|}
</div>
<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Single-phase alternating current]]</span></div>
<div>
{|class="pathtable"
!  
! colspan="5" |Switching current
|-
|class=" first " |Applications
|class="ordered" | 1
|class="ordered" | 10
|class="ordered" | 100
|class="ordered" | 1000
|class="ordered" | 10.000
|-
|class="other"| Appliance switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"| Light switches <br />
Main switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br /> [[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 20%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Power relays
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 18%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Circuit breakers
(domestic MCCBs)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnOAg/CdO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Disconnect, power and motor switches (control relays and contactors)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 22%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnOAg/CdO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other" | Heavy-duty switchgear (industrial)
| colspan="6" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 22%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 30%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span> <span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Tungsten_and_Molybdenum_Based_Materials|Ag/W, Ag/WC/C<br />Ag/Wc]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Automotive relays and switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag,AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#SilverMetal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>]]</span></div>
|-
|}
</div>

</ol>
</div>

Template:Path

2014-05-21T13:45:50Z

Admin:

<div class="accordion">
<ol>
<li>
Infomation technology
</li>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Galvanic deposition]]</span></div>
<div>For electroplating of metals, especially precious metals, water based solutions (electrolytes) are used which contain the metals to be deposited as ions (i.e. dissolved metal salts). An electric field between the anode and the work pieces as the cathode forces the positively charged metal ions to move to the cathode where they give up their charge and deposit themselves as metal on the surface of the work piece. Depending on the application, for electric and electronic or decorative end use, different electrolytic bath solutions (electrolytes) are used. The electroplating equipment used for precious metal plating and its complexity varies widely depending on the process technologies employed. Electroplating processes are encompassing besides the pure metal deposition also preparative and post treatments of the goods to be coated. An important parameter for creating strongly adhering deposits is the surface of the goods to be metallic clean without oily or oxide film residues. This is achieved through various pre-treatment processes specifically developed for the types of material and surface conditions of the goods to be plated. In the following segments electrolytes – both precious and non-precious – as well as the most widely used electroplating processes are described.
[[Electroplating_(or_Galvanic_Deposition)|more]] </div>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|PVD]]</span></div>
<div>The term PVD (physical vapor deposition) defines processes of metal, metal alloys, and chemical compounds deposition in a vacuum by adding thermal and kinetic energy through particle bombardment. The main processes are the following four coating variations:
* Vapor deposition
* Sputtering (Cathode atomization)
* Arc vaporizing
* Ion implantation
In all four processes the coating material is transported in its atomic form to the substrate and deposited on it as a thin layer (a few nm to approx. 10 μm)
[[Surface_Coating_Technologies#7.2_Coatings_from_the_Gaseous_Phase_.28Vacuum_Deposition.29|more]]
</div>

<li> Energy technology (typically < 12V <500mA)</li>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Cocurrent flow]]</span></div>
<div>
{|class="pathtable"
!  
! colspan="5" |Switching current
|-
|class=" first " |Applications
|class="ordered" | 1
|class="ordered" | 10
|class="ordered" | 100
|class="ordered" | 1000
|class="ordered" | 10.000
|-
|class="other"| Automotive relays and switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag,AgNiO15]],</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#SilverMetal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"| DC-switches and contactors
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1 long1" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO2, (Ag/CdO)]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|DC- Heavy-duty switchgear (industrial)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1 long2" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO2, Ag/CdO]]</span></div>
|-
|}
</div>
<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Single-phase alternating current]]</span></div>
<div>
{|class="pathtable"
!  
! colspan="5" |Switching current
|-
|class=" first " |Applications
|class="ordered" | 1
|class="ordered" | 10
|class="ordered" | 100
|class="ordered" | 1000
|class="ordered" | 10.000
|-
|class="other"| Appliance switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"| Light switches <br />
Main switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br /> [[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 20%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Power relays
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 18%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Circuit breakers
(domestic MCCBs)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnOAg/CdO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Disconnect, power and motor switches (control relays and contactors)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 22%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnOAg/CdO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other" | Heavy-duty switchgear (industrial)
| colspan="6" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 22%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 30%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span> <span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Tungsten_and_Molybdenum_Based_Materials|Ag/W, Ag/WC/C<br />Ag/Wc]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Automotive relays and switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag,AgNiO15]],</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#SilverMetal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>]]</span></div>
|-
|}
</div>

</ol>
</div>

MediaWiki:Common.css

2014-05-21T13:42:51Z

Admin:

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2014-05-21T13:35:26Z

Admin:

<div class="accordion">
<ol>
<li>
Infomation technology
</li>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Galvanic deposition]]</span></div>
<div>For electroplating of metals, especially precious metals, water based solutions (electrolytes) are used which contain the metals to be deposited as ions (i.e. dissolved metal salts). An electric field between the anode and the work pieces as the cathode forces the positively charged metal ions to move to the cathode where they give up their charge and deposit themselves as metal on the surface of the work piece. Depending on the application, for electric and electronic or decorative end use, different electrolytic bath solutions (electrolytes) are used. The electroplating equipment used for precious metal plating and its complexity varies widely depending on the process technologies employed. Electroplating processes are encompassing besides the pure metal deposition also preparative and post treatments of the goods to be coated. An important parameter for creating strongly adhering deposits is the surface of the goods to be metallic clean without oily or oxide film residues. This is achieved through various pre-treatment processes specifically developed for the types of material and surface conditions of the goods to be plated. In the following segments electrolytes – both precious and non-precious – as well as the most widely used electroplating processes are described.
[[Electroplating_(or_Galvanic_Deposition)|more]] </div>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|PVD]]</span></div>
<div>The term PVD (physical vapor deposition) defines processes of metal, metal alloys, and chemical compounds deposition in a vacuum by adding thermal and kinetic energy through particle bombardment. The main processes are the following four coating variations:
* Vapor deposition
* Sputtering (Cathode atomization)
* Arc vaporizing
* Ion implantation
In all four processes the coating material is transported in its atomic form to the substrate and deposited on it as a thin layer (a few nm to approx. 10 μm)
[[Surface_Coating_Technologies#7.2_Coatings_from_the_Gaseous_Phase_.28Vacuum_Deposition.29|more]]
</div>

<li> Energy technology (typically < 12V <500mA)</li>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Cocurrent flow]]</span></div>
<div>
{|class="pathtable"
!  
! colspan="5" |Switching current
|-
|class=" first " |Applications
|class="ordered" | 1
|class="ordered" | 10
|class="ordered" | 100
|class="ordered" | 1000
|class="ordered" | 10.000
|-
|class="other"| Automotive relays and switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag,AgNiO15]],</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#SilverMetal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"| DC-switches and contactors
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1 long1" ><span class="text-formel">[[#|Ag/SnO2, (Ag/CdO)]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|DC- Heavy-duty switchgear (industrial)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1 long2" ><span class="text-formel">[[#|Ag/SnO2, Ag/CdO]]</span></div>
|-
|}
</div>
<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Single-phase alternating current]]</span></div>
<div>
{|class="pathtable"
!  
! colspan="5" |Switching current
|-
|class=" first " |Applications
|class="ordered" | 1
|class="ordered" | 10
|class="ordered" | 100
|class="ordered" | 1000
|class="ordered" | 10.000
|-
|class="other"| Appliance switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"| Light switches <br />
Main switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br /> [[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 20%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Power relays
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 18%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Circuit breakers
(domestic MCCBs)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnOAg/CdO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Disconnect, power and motor switches (control relays and contactors)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 22%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnOAg/CdO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other" | Heavy-duty switchgear (industrial)
| colspan="6" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 22%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 30%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span> <span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Tungsten_and_Molybdenum_Based_Materials|Ag/W, Ag/WC/C<br />Ag/Wc]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Automotive relays and switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag,AgNiO15]],</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#SilverMetal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>]]</span></div>
|-
|}
</div>

</ol>
</div>

Template:Path

2014-05-21T13:31:37Z

Admin:

<div class="accordion">
<ol>
<li>
Infomation technology
</li>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Galvanic deposition]]</span></div>
<div>For electroplating of metals, especially precious metals, water based solutions (electrolytes) are used which contain the metals to be deposited as ions (i.e. dissolved metal salts). An electric field between the anode and the work pieces as the cathode forces the positively charged metal ions to move to the cathode where they give up their charge and deposit themselves as metal on the surface of the work piece. Depending on the application, for electric and electronic or decorative end use, different electrolytic bath solutions (electrolytes) are used. The electroplating equipment used for precious metal plating and its complexity varies widely depending on the process technologies employed. Electroplating processes are encompassing besides the pure metal deposition also preparative and post treatments of the goods to be coated. An important parameter for creating strongly adhering deposits is the surface of the goods to be metallic clean without oily or oxide film residues. This is achieved through various pre-treatment processes specifically developed for the types of material and surface conditions of the goods to be plated. In the following segments electrolytes – both precious and non-precious – as well as the most widely used electroplating processes are described.
[[Electroplating_(or_Galvanic_Deposition)|more]] </div>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|PVD]]</span></div>
<div>The term PVD (physical vapor deposition) defines processes of metal, metal alloys, and chemical compounds deposition in a vacuum by adding thermal and kinetic energy through particle bombardment. The main processes are the following four coating variations:
* Vapor deposition
* Sputtering (Cathode atomization)
* Arc vaporizing
* Ion implantation
In all four processes the coating material is transported in its atomic form to the substrate and deposited on it as a thin layer (a few nm to approx. 10 μm)
[[Surface_Coating_Technologies#7.2_Coatings_from_the_Gaseous_Phase_.28Vacuum_Deposition.29|more]]
</div>

<li> Energy technology (typically < 12V <500mA)</li>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Cocurrent flow]]</span></div>
<div>
{|class="pathtable"
!  
! colspan="5" |Switching current
|-
|class=" first " |Applications
|class="ordered" | 1
|class="ordered" | 10
|class="ordered" | 100
|class="ordered" | 1000
|class="ordered" | 10.000
|-
|class="other"| Automotive relays and switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag,AgNiO15]],</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#SilverMetal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"| DC-switches and contactors
| colspan="5" |[[#|Ag/SnO2, (Ag/CdO)]]
|-
|class="other"|DC- Heavy-duty switchgear (industrial)
| colspan="5" |[[#|Ag/SnO2, Ag/CdO]]
|-
|}
</div>
<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Single-phase alternating current]]</span></div>
<div>
{|class="pathtable"
!  
! colspan="5" |Switching current
|-
|class=" first " |Applications
|class="ordered" | 1
|class="ordered" | 10
|class="ordered" | 100
|class="ordered" | 1000
|class="ordered" | 10.000
|-
|class="other"| Appliance switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"| Light switches <br />
Main switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br /> [[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 20%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Power relays
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 18%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Circuit breakers
(domestic MCCBs)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnOAg/CdO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Disconnect, power and motor switches (control relays and contactors)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 22%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnOAg/CdO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other" | Heavy-duty switchgear (industrial)
| colspan="6" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 22%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 30%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span> <span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Tungsten_and_Molybdenum_Based_Materials|Ag/W, Ag/WC/C<br />Ag/Wc]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Automotive relays and switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag,AgNiO15]],</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#SilverMetal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>]]</span></div>
|-
|}
</div>

</ol>
</div>

Electrical Contacts:Impressum

2014-05-20T16:50:28Z

Admin:

{|
|'''Editor''':
|DODUCO GmbH<br>
Im Altgefäll 12<br>
75181 Pforzheim / Germany<br>
Phone +49 (0) 7231 602-0<br>
Fax +49 (0) 7231 602-398<br>
Mail: info@doduco.net<br>
|-
|'''Managing Directors''':
|Ralf Maus (Vorsitzender)<br>
Dr. Franz Kaspar<br>
Hajo Kufahl<br>
|-
|'''Registration''':
|HRB 504069 AG Mannheim
|-
|'''VAT ID No''':
|DE812097777
|-
|'''Consulting and Realisation''':
|Steinbeis - Transferzentrum Unternehmensentwicklungan der Hochschule Pforzheim (SZUE)<br>
Blücherstraße 32 <br>
75177 Pforzheim <br>
http://www.szue.de
|-
|}

Electrical Contacts:Impressum

2014-05-20T16:49:53Z

Admin:

Electrical Contacts:Impressum

2014-05-20T08:03:05Z

Admin:

{|
|'''Editor''':
|DODUCO GmbH<br>
Im Altgefäll 12<br>
75181 Pforzheim / Germany<br>
Phone +49 (0) 7231 602-0<br>
Fax +49 (0) 7231 602-398<br>
Mail: info@doduco.net<br>
|-
|'''Managing Directors''':
|Ralf Maus (Vorsitzender)<br>
Dr. Franz Kaspar<br>
Hajo Kufahl<br>
|-
|'''Registration''':
|HRB 504069 AG Mannheim
|-
|'''VAT ID No''':
|DE812097777
|-
|'''Consulting and Realisation''':
|Schnigula Werbeagentur<br>
Großer Kesselweg 3<br>
75223 Niefern-Ö. / Germany<br>
Phone +49 (0) 7233 1010<br>
Mail: info@schnigula.de<br>
http://www.schnigula.de<br>
|-
|}

Electrical Contacts:Impressum

2014-05-20T07:59:25Z

Admin: Created page with "Editor: DODUCO GmbH Im Altgefäll 12 75181 Pforzheim / Germany Phone +49 (0) 7231 602-0 Fax +49 (0) 7231 602-398 Mail: info@doduco.net Managing Directors: Ralf Maus (Vorsit..."

Editor:

DODUCO GmbH
Im Altgefäll 12
75181 Pforzheim / Germany
Phone +49 (0) 7231 602-0
Fax +49 (0) 7231 602-398
Mail: info@doduco.net

Managing Directors:

Ralf Maus (Vorsitzender)
Dr. Franz Kaspar
Hajo Kufahl

Registration:

HRB 504069 AG Mannheim

VAT ID No:

DE812097777

Consulting and Realisation:

File:Strain hardering.png

2014-05-19T15:03:31Z

Admin: /* Summary */

== Summary ==
{|
|-
|Description
|Strain_hardening of Cu-ETP by cold working
|-
|Author
|Doduco Redaktion
|-
|Date
|
|}
== Licensing =={{CC-by-sa-4.0}}

Naturally Hard Copper Alloys

2014-05-19T11:13:11Z

Admin: /* Copper-Tin Alloys (Tin Bronze) */

Alloys like brasses (CuZn), tin bronzes (CuSN), and German silver (CuNiZn), for which the required hardness is achieved by cold working are defined as naturally hard alloys. Included in this group are also the silver bronzes (CuAg) with 2 – 6 wt% of Ag.

====Copper-Zinc Alloys (Brasses)====

Copper-zinc alloys are widely used as contact carrier materials in switching devices for electrical power engineering because of their high electrical conductivity, the higher mechanical strength combined with good formability compared to pure copper <xr id="tab:Physical_Properties_of_ Selected_Copper_Zinc_Alloys"/> and <xr id="tab:Mechanical_Properties_of_Selected_Copper_Zinc_Alloys"/>, and at the same time their reasonable economic costs. Especially suitable are the brasses with up to 37 wt% Zn content which are according to the phase diagram all made up from the α -phase of the CuZn system <xr id="fig:Phase_diagram_of_copper_zinc_for_the_range_of_0_60_wt_zinc"/>. It is important to note the strong dependence of the electrical conductivity and mechanical strength on the zinc content <xr id="fig:Mechanical_properties_of_brass_ depending_on_the_copper_content_after_cold_working_of_0_and_50"/>.

<figtable id="tab:Physical_Properties_of_ Selected_Copper_Zinc_Alloys">
<caption>'''Physical Properties of Selected Copper-Zinc Alloys'''</caption>

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Material/<br />Designation<br />EN UNS
!Composition<br />[wt%]
!Density<br />[g/cm<sup>3</sup>]
!colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|Electrical<br />Conductivity
!Electrical<br />Resistivity<br />[μΩ·cm]
!Thermal<br />Conductivity<br />[W/(m·K)]
!Coeff. of Linear<br />Thermal<br />Expansion<br />[10<sup>-6</sup>/K]
!Modulus of<br />Elasticity<br />[GPa]
!Softening Temperature<br />(approx. 10% loss in<br />strength)<br />[°C]
!Melting<br />Temp Range<br />[°C]
|-
!
!
!
![MS/m]
![% IACS]
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|CuZn5<br />CW500L<br />C21000
|Cu 94 - 96<br />Zn Rest
|8.87
|33
|57
|3.8
|243
|18.0
|127
|
|1055 - 1065
|-
|CuZn10<br />CW501L<br />C22000
|Cu 89 - 91<br />Zn Rest
|8.79
|25
|43
|4.0
|184
|18.2
|125
|
|1030 - 1045
|-
|CuZn15<br />CW502L<br />C23000
|Cu 84 - 86<br />Zn Rest
|8.75
|21
|36
|4.8
|159
|18.5
|122
|ca. 250
|1005 - 1025
|-
|CuZn20<br />CW503L<br />C24000
|Cu 79 - 81<br />Zn Rest
|8.67
|19
|33
|5.3
|142
|18.8
|120
|ca. 240
|980 - 1000
|-
|CuZn30<br />CW505L<br />C26000
|Cu 69 - 71<br />Zn Rest
|8.53
|16
|28
|6.3
|124
|19.8
|114
|ca. 230
|910 - 940
|-
|CuZn37<br />CW508L<br />C27200
|Cu 62 - 64<br />Zn Rest
|8.45
|15.5
|27
|6.5
|121
|20.2
|110
|ca. 220
|900 - 920
|-
|CuZn23Al3Co<br />CW703R<br />C68800
|Cu 73.5<br />Al 3.4<br />Co 0.4<br />Zn Rest
|8.23
|9.8
|17
|10.2
|78
|18.2
|116
|ca. 280
|950 - 1000
|}
</figtable>

<figtable id="tab:Mechanical_Properties_of_Selected_Copper_Zinc_Alloys">
<caption>'''Mechanical Properties of Selected Copper-Zinc Alloys'''</caption>

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Material
!Hardness<br />Condition
!Tensile Strength R<sub>m</sub><br />[MPa]
!0,2% YieldStrength<br />R<sub>p02</sub><br />[MPa]
!Elongation<br />A<sub>50</sub><br />[%]
!Vickers<br />Hardness<br />HV
!Bend Radius<sup>1)</sup><br />perpendicular to<br />rolling direction
!Bend Radius<sup>1)</sup><br />parallel to<br />rolling direction
!Spring Bending<br />Limit σ<sub>FB</sub><br />[MPa]
!Spring Fatigue<br />Limit σ<sub>BW</sub><br />[MPa]
|-
|CuZn5
|R 230<br />R 270<br />R 340
|230 - 280<br />270 -350<br />340 - 440
|≤ 130<br />≥ 200<br />≥ 280
|36<br />12<br />4
|45 - 90<br />70 - 120<br />110 - 160
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />
|250
|130
|-
|CuZn10
|R 240<br />R 280<br />R 350
|240 - 290<br />280 - 360<br />350 - 450
|≤ 140<br />≥ 200<br />≥ 290
|36<br />13<br />4
|50 - 100<br />80 - 130<br />110 - 160
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />
|260
|140
|-
|CuZn15
|R 300<br />R 350<br />R 410<br />R 480<br />R 550
|300 - 370<br />350 - 420<br />410 - 490<br />480 - 560<br />≥ 550
|≤ 150<br />≥ 270<br />≥ 360<br />≥ 420<br />≥ 480
|16<br />8<br />3<br />1<br />
|85 - 120<br />100 - 150<br />125 - 155<br />150 - 180<br />≥ 170
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t<br />
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t<br />3 x t<br />
|300
|160
|-
|CuZn20
|R 270<br />R 320<br />R 400<br />R 480
|270 - 320<br />320 - 400<br />400 - 480<br />480 - 570
|≤ 150<br />≥ 200<br />≥ 320<br />≥ 440
|38<br />20<br />5<br />3
|55 - 105<br />95 - 155<br />120 - 180<br />≥ 150
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />
|320
|180
|-
|CuZn30
|R 270<br />R 350<br />R 410<br />R 480
|270 - 350<br />350 - 430<br />410 - 490<br />480 - 580
|≤ 160<br />≥ 200<br />≥ 430<br />≥ 430
|40<br />21<br />9<br />4
|95 - 125<br />120 - 155<br />150 - 180<br />170 - 200
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t
|0 x t<br />1 x t<br />2 x t<br />3 x t
|330
|180
|-
|CuZn37
|R 300<br />R 350<br />R 410<br />R 480<br />R 550
|300 - 370<br />350 - 440<br />410 - 490<br />480 - 560<br />550 - 640
|≤ 180<br />≥ 200<br />≥ 260<br />≥ 430<br />≥ 500
|38<br />19<br />8<br />3<br />
|55 - 105<br />95 - 155<br />120 - 190<br />≥ 150<br />≥ 170
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0.5 x t<br />1 x t
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t<br />3 x t
|350
|190
|-
|CuZn23Al3Co
|R 660<br />R 740<br />R 820
|660 - 750<br />740 - 830<br />≥ 820
|≥ 580<br />≥ 660<br />≥ 780
|10<br />3<br />2
|190 - 220<br />210 - 240<br />≥ 235
|0 x t<br />1 x t<br />
|0 x t<br />2 x t<br />
|≥ 400
|230
|}
</figtable>
<sup>1)</sup> t: Strip thickness max. 0.5 mm

The main disadvantages of these alloys are with increasing zinc content the also increasing tendency towards tension crack corrosion and the poorer stress relaxation properties compared to other copper alloys.

One of the special brass alloys used as a contact carrier material is CuSn23Al3Co. This material exhibits significantly higher mechanical strength
than the standard brass alloys. Even so this material is a naturally hardening alloy, a suitable heat treatment allows to further increase its strength.

<xr id="fig:Phase_diagram_of_copper_zinc_for_the_range_of_0_60_wt_zinc"/> Strain hardening of Ag 99.95 by cold working

<xr id="fig:Mechanical_properties_of_brass_ depending_on_the_copper_content_after_cold_working_of_0_and_50"/> Mechanical properties of brass depending on the copper content (after cold working of 0 and 50%)

<xr id="fig:Strain hardening of CuZn36 by cold forming"/> Strain hardening of CuZn36 by cold forming

<xr id="fig:Softening of CuZn36 after 3 hrs annealing after 25% cold working"/> Softening of CuZn36 after 3 hrs annealing after 25% cold working

<div class="multiple-images">

<figure id="fig:Phase_diagram_of_copper_zinc_for_the_range_of_0_60_wt_zinc">
[[File:Phase diagram of copper zinc.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Phase diagram of copper-zinc for the range of 0-60 wt% zinc</caption>]]
</figure>

<figure id="fig:Mechanical_properties_of_brass_ depending_on_the_copper_content_after_cold_working_of_0_and_50">
[[File:Mechanical properties of brass depending on the copper content.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Mechanical properties of brass depending on the copper content (after cold working of 0 and 50%)</caption>]]
</figure>

<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of CuZn36 by cold forming">
[[File:Strain hardening of CuZn36 by cold forming.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of CuZn36 by cold forming</caption>]]
</figure>

<figure id="fig:Softening of CuZn36 after 3 hrs annealing after 25% cold working">
[[File:Softening of CuZn36 25.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of CuZn36 after 3 hrs annealing after 25% cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
</div>
<div class="clear"></div>

====Copper-Tin Alloys (Tin Bronze)====

Because of their good elastic spring properties and formability the copper-tin alloys CuSn6 and CuSn8 are standard materials for spring contact elements in electrome-chanical components such as connectors, switches, and relays <xr id="tab:Physical Properties of Copper-Tin Alloys"/> and <xr id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Copper-Tin Alloys"/>. Besides these other alloys such as CuSn4 and CuSn5 and the multi-metal tin bronze CuSn3Zn9 have significant usage – mainly in North America. 
<xr id="fig:Phase diagram of the Cu-Sn system for the range of 0 – 30 wt% Sn"/> shows the copper rich side of the phase diagram for the CuSn system. The mechanical property values achieved by cold forming are superior to these of the brass alloys <xr id="fig:Mechanical properties of tin bronze depending on the tin content (cold working 0 and 50%)"/>. They increase significantly with increasing Sn content. The work hardening and softening behavior are shown for the example of CuSn8 in <xr id="fig:Strain hardening of CuSn8 by cold working"/> and <xr id="fig:Softening of CuSn8 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working"/>. The stress relaxation properties for CuSn alloys are good for up to 100°C, deteriorate however quickly for temperatures above 150°C.

<figtable id="tab:Physical Properties of Copper-Tin Alloys">
<caption>'''Physical Properties of Copper-Tin Alloys'''</caption>

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Material<br />Designation<br />EN UNS
!Composition<br />[wt%]
!Density<br />[g/cm<sup>3</sup>]
!colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|Electrical<br />Conductivity
!Electrical<br />Resistivity<br />[μΩ·cm]
!Thermal<br />Conductivity<br />[W/(m·K)]
!Coeff. of Linear<br />Thermal<br />Expansion<br />[10<sup>-6</sup>/K]
!Modulus of<br />Elasticity<br />[GPa]
!Softening Temperature<br />(approx. 10% loss in<br />strength)<br />[°C]
!Melting<br />Temp Range<br />[°C]
|-
!
!
!
![MS/m]
![% IACS]
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|CuSn4<br />CW450K<br />C51100
|Sn 3.5 - 4.5<br />P 0.01 - 0.4<br />Cu Rest
|8.85
|12.0
|20
|8.3
|118
|18.0
|120
|ca. 260
|960 - 1060
|-
|CuSn5<br />CW451K<br />C51000
|Sn 4.5 - 5.5<br />P 0.01 - 0.4<br />Cu Rest
|8.85
|10.0
|17
|10.0
|96
|18.0
|120
|ca. 260
|940 - 1050
|-
|CuSn6<br />CW452K<br />C51900
|Sn 5.5 - 7.0<br />P 0.01 - 0.4<br />Cu Rest
|8.80
|9.0
|15
|11.1
|75
|18.5
|118
|ca. 280
|910 - 1040
|-
|CuSn8<br />CW453K<br />C52100
|Sn 7.5 - 8.5<br />P 0.01 - 0.4<br />Cu Rest
|8.80
|7.5
|13
|13.3
|67
|18.5
|115
|ca. 320
|875 - 1025
|-
|CuSn3Zn9<br />CW454K<br />C42500
|Zn 7.5 - 10<br />Sn 1.5 - 3.5<br />P 0.2<br />Ni 0.2<br />Cu Rest
|8.75
|12
|28
|6.2
|120
|18.4
|126
|ca. 250
|900 - 1015
|}
</figtable>

<figtable id="tab:Mechanical Properties of Copper-Tin Alloys">
<caption>'''Mechanical Properties of Copper-Tin Alloys'''</caption>

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Material
!Hardness<br />Condition
!Tensile Strength R<sub>m</sub><br />[MPa]
!0,2% Yield Strength<br />R<sub>p02</sub><br />[MPa]
!Elongation<br />A<sub>50</sub><br />[%]
!Vickers<br />Hardness<br />HV
!Bend Radius<sup>1)</sup><br />perpendicular to<br />rolling direction
!Bend Radius<sup>1)</sup><br />parallel to<br />rolling direction
!Spring Bending<br />Limit σ<sub>FB</sub><br />[MPa]
!Spring Fatigue<br />Limit σ<sub>BW</sub><br />[MPa]
|-
|CuSn4
|R 290<br />R 390<br />R 480<br />R 540<br />R 610
|290 - 390<br />390 - 490<br />480 - 570<br />540 - 630<br />≥ 610
|≤ 190<br />≥ 210<br />≥ 420<br />≥ 490<br />≥ 540
|40<br />13<br />5<br />4<br />2
|70 - 100<br />115 - 155<br />150 - 180<br />170 - 200<br />≥ 190
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t
|420
|200
|-
|CuSn5
|R 310<br />R 400<br />R 490<br />R 550<br />R 630<br />R 690
|310 - 390<br />400 - 500<br />490 - 580<br />550 - 640<br />630 - 720<br />≥ 690
|≤ 250<br />≥ 240<br />≥ 430<br />≥ 510<br />≥ 600<br />≥ 670
|45<br />17<br />10<br />6<br />3
|75 - 105<br />120 - 160<br />160 - 190<br />180 - 210<br />200 - 230<br />≥ 220
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t<br />2 x t
|460
|220
|-
|CuSn6
|R 350<br />R 420<br />R 500<br />R 560<br />R 640<br />R 720
|350 - 420<br />420 - 520<br />500 - 590<br />560 - 650<br />640 - 730<br />≥ 720
|≤ 300<br />≥ 260<br />≥ 450<br />≥ 500<br />≥ 600<br />≥ 690
|45<br />20<br />10<br />7<br />4
|80 - 110<br />125 - 165<br />160 - 190<br />180 - 210<br />200 - 230<br />≥ 220
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t<br />2 x t
|480
|230
|-
|CuSn8
|R 370<br />R 450<br />R 540<br />R 600<br />R 660<br />R 740
|370 - 450<br />450 - 550<br />540 - 630<br />600 - 690<br />660 - 750<br />≥ 740
|≤ 300<br />≥ 280<br />≥ 460<br />≥ 530<br />≥ 620<br />≥ 700
|50<br />23<br />15<br />7<br />4
|90 - 120<br />135 - 175<br />170 - 200<br />190 - 220<br />210 - 240<br />≥ 230
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t<br />2 x t
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t<br />2 x t
|520
|240
|-
|CuSn3Zn9
|R 320<br />R 380<br />R 430<br />R 510<br />R 580<br />R 660
|320 - 380<br />380 - 430<br />430 - 520<br />510 - 600<br />580 - 690<br />≥ 660
|≤ 230<br />≥ 200<br />≥ 330<br />≥ 430<br />≥ 520<br />≥ 610
|25<br />18<br />6<br />3<br />4
|80 - 110<br />110 - 140<br />140 - 170<br />160 - 190<br />180 - 210<br />≥ 200
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t<br />2 x t
|500
|210
|}
</figtable>
<sup>1)</sup> t: Strip thickness max. 0.5 mm

<xr id="fig:Softening of CuZn36 50"/> Softening of CuZn36 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working)

<xr id="fig:Phase diagram of the Cu-Sn system for the range of 0 – 30 wt% Sn"/> Phase diagram of the Cu-Sn system for the range of 0 – 30 wt% Sn)

<xr id="fig:Mechanical properties of tin bronze depending on the tin content (cold working 0 and 50%)"/> Mechanical properties of tin bronze depending on the tin content (cold working 0 and 50%)

<xr id="fig:Strain hardening of CuSn8 by cold working"/> Strain hardening of CuSn8 by cold working

<xr id="fig:Softening of CuSn8 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working"/> Softening of CuSn8 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working

<div class="multiple-images">

<figure id="fig:Softening of CuZn36 50">
[[File:Softening of CuZn36 50.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of CuZn36 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working</caption>]]
</figure>

<figure id="fig:Phase diagram of the Cu-Sn system for the range of 0 – 30 wt% Sn">
[[File:Phase diagram of the Cu Sn system.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Phase diagram of the Cu-Sn system for the range of 0 – 30 wt% Sn</caption>]]
</figure>

<figure id="fig:Mechanical properties of tin bronze depending on the tin content (cold working 0 and 50%)">
[[File:Mechanical properties of tin bronze depending on the tin content.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Mechanical properties of tin bronze depending on the tin content (cold working 0 and 50%)</caption>]]
</figure>

<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of CuSn8 by cold working">
[[File:Strain hardening of CuSn8 by cold working.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of CuSn8 by cold working</caption>]]
</figure>

<figure id="fig:Softening of CuSn8 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working">
[[File:Softening of CuSn8 50.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of CuSn8 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
</div>
<div class="clear"></div>

====5.1.4.3 Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloys (German Silver)====

Despite its lower electrical conductivity, the good spring properties, high corrosion resistance, and the good workability make copper-nickel-zinc alloys a frequently used spring contact carrier in switches and relays. As illustrated in the phase diagram the most commonly used materials are in the α -range which means that they are single-phase alloys <xr id="fig:Copper rich region of the ternary copper-nickel-zinc phase diagram with indication of the more commonly available german silver materials"/> (Fig. 5.14). The formability and strength properties of german silver are comparable to those of the copper-tin alloys. The work hardening and softening behavior is illustrated on the example of CuNi12Zn24 in <xr id="fig:Strain hardening of CuNi12Zn24 by cold working"/> Figures 5.15 and <xr id="fig:Softening of CuNi12Zn24 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working"/> 5.16.

The relaxation behavior of Cu-Ni-Zn alloys is superior to the one for the tin bronzes. Additional advantages are the very good weldability, brazing
properties, and the high corrosion resistance of these copper-nickel-zinc alloys.

<figtable id="tab:tab5.11">
<caption>'''Table 5.11: Physical Properties of Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloys'''</caption>

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Material<br />Designation<br />EN UNS
!Composition<br />[wt%]
!Density<br />[g/cm<sup>3</sup>]
!colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|Electrical<br />Conductivity
!Electrical<br />Resistivity<br />[μΩ·cm]
!Thermal<br />Conductivity<br />[W/(m·K)]
!Coeff. of Linear<br />Thermal<br />Expansion<br />[10<sup>-6</sup>/K]
!Modulus of<br />Elasticity<br />[GPa]
!Softening Temperature<br />(approx. 10% loss in<br />strength)<br />[°C]
!Melting<br />Temp Range<br />[°C]
|-
!
!
!
![MS/m]
![% IACS]
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|CuNi12Zn24<br />CW403J<br />C75700
|Cu 63- 66<br />Ni 11 - 13<br />Mn 0.5<br />Fe 0.3<br />Zn Rest
|8.67
|4.4
|7
|30
|42
|18
|125
|ca. 400
|1020 - 1065
|-
|CuNi18Zn20<br />CW409J<br />C76400
|Cu 60 - 63<br />Ni 17 - 19<br />Mn 0.5<br />Fe 0.3<br />Zn Rest
|8.73
|3.3
|5
|23
|33
|17.7
|135
|ca. 440
|1055 - 1105
|-
|CuNi18Zn27<br />CW410J<br />C77000
|Cu 53 - 56<br />Ni 17 - 19<br />Mn 0.5<br />Fe 0.3<br />Zn Rest
|8.70
|3.3
|5
|23
|32
|17.7
|135
|ca. 440
|1050 - 1100
|}
</figtable>

<figtable id="tab:tab5.12">
<caption>'''Table 5.12: Mechanical Properties of Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloys'''</caption>

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Material
!Hardness<br />Condition
!Tensile Strength R<sub>m</sub><br />[MPa]
!0,2% Yield Strength<br />R<sub>p02</sub><br />[MPa]
!Elongation<br />A<sub>50</sub><br />[%]
!Vickers<br />Hardness<br />HV
!Bend Radius<sup>1)</sup><br />perpendicular to<br />rolling direction
!Bend Radius<sup>1)</sup><br />parallel to<br />rolling direction
!Spring Bending<br />Limit σ<sub>FB</sub><br />[MPa]
!Spring Fatigue<br />Limit σ<sub>BW</sub><br />[MPa]
|-
|CuNi12Zn24
|R 360<br />R 430<br />R 490<br />R 550<br />R ≥ 610
|360 - 430<br />430 - 510<br />490 - 580<br />550 - 640<br />≥ 580
|≤ 230<br />≥ 230<br />≥ 400<br />≥ 480<br />≥ 580
|35<br />8<br />6<br />3<br />2
|80 - 110<br />110 - 150<br />150 - 180<br />170 - 200<br />≥ 190
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t
|480
|210
|-
|CuNi18Zn20
|R 380<br />R 450<br />R 500<br />R 580<br />R ≥ 640
|380 - 450<br />450 - 520<br />500 - 590<br />580 - 670<br />≥ 640
|≤ 250<br />≥ 250<br />≥ 410<br />≥ 510<br />≥ 600
|27<br />9<br />5<br />2
|85 - 115<br />115 - 160<br />160 - 190<br />180 - 210<br />≥ 220
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t
|520
|220
|-
|CuNi18Zn27
|R 390<br />R 470<br />R 540<br />R 600<br />R ≥ 700
|390 - 470<br />470 - 540<br />540 - 630<br />600 - 700<br />≥ 700
|≤ 280<br />≥ 280<br />≥ 450<br />≥ 550<br />≥ 680
|30<br />11<br />5<br />2
|90 - 120<br />120 - 170<br />170 - 200<br />190 - 220<br />≥ 220
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t
|550
|250
|}
</figtable>
<sup>1)</sup> t: Strip thickness max. 0.5 mm

<xr id="fig:Copper rich region of the ternary copper-nickel-zinc phase diagram with indication of the more commonly available german silver materials"/> Fig. 5.14: Copper rich region of the ternary copper-nickel-zinc phase diagram with indication of the more commonly available german silver materials

<xr id="fig:Strain hardening of CuNi12Zn24 by cold working"/> Fig. 5.15: Strain hardening of CuNi12Zn24 by cold working

<xr id="fig:Softening of CuNi12Zn24 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working"/> Fig. 5.16: Softening of CuNi12Zn24 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working

<div class="multiple-images">

<figure id="fig:Copper rich region of the ternary copper-nickel-zinc phase diagram with indication of the more commonly available german silver materials">
[[File:Copper rich region of the termary copper nickel zinc phase diagram.jpg|right|thumb|Copper rich region of the ternary copper-nickel-zinc phase diagram with indication of the more commonly available german silver materials]]
</figure>

<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of CuNi12Zn24 by cold working">
[[File:Strain hardening of CuNi 12Zn24 by cold working.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of CuNi12Zn24 by cold working</caption>]]
</figure>

<figure id="fig:Softening of CuNi12Zn24 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working">
[[File:Softening of CuNi12Zn24 50.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of CuNi12Zn24 after 3 hrs annealing after 50% cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
</div>
<div class="clear"></div>

====5.1.4.4 Copper-Silver-(Cadmium) Alloys (Silver Bronze)====

Besides the low-allowed CuAg0.1 other copper materials with higher silver contents (2-6 wt%) are also used as contacts carrier materials. Some of them contain additionally 1.5 wt% Cd. The phase diagram <xr id="fig:Phase diagram of copper-silver for the range of 0 – 40 wt% silver"/> (Fig. 5.17) shows that in principle the CuAg alloys can be precipitation hardened, but the possible increase in mechanical strength is rather small.

Copper-silver alloys have good spring properties and compared to other spring materials have a high electrical conductivity <xr id="tab:tab5.13"/> (Tab. 5.13) and <xr id="tab:tab5.14"/> (Tab. 5.14). The mechanical strength values in the strongly worked condition are comparable to those of the copper-tin alloys. Work hardening and softening behavior are shown for the example of CuAg2 [[#figures5|(Figs. 13 – 15)]](Figs. 5.18 – 5.20). For the relaxation behavior the silver bronzes are superior to German silver and tin bronze.

Because of their good spring properties combined with high electrical conductivity silver bronzes are suitable for the use contact springs in relays
under higher current loads. Taking advantage of their high temperature stability they are also used as current carrying contacts in high voltage switchgear and as electrode material for resistance welding.

<figtable id="tab:tab5.13">
<caption>'''Table 5.13: Physical Properties of Selected Copper-Silver-(Cadmium) Alloys'''</caption>

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Material<br />Designation<br />EN UNS
!Composition<br />[wt%]
!Density<br />[g/cm<sup>3</sup>]
!colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|Electrical<br />Conductivity
!Electrical<br />Resistivity<br />[μΩ·cm]
!Thermal<br />Conductivity<br />[W/(m·K)]
!Coeff. of Linear<br />Thermal<br />Expansion<br />[10<sup>-6</sup>/K]
!Modulus of<br />Elasticity<br />[GPa]
!Softening Temperature<br />(approx. 10% loss in<br />strength)<br />[°C]
!Melting<br />Temp Range<br />[°C]
|-
!
!
!
![MS/m]
![% IACS]
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|CuAg2<br />not standardized<br />
|Ag 2<br />Cu Rest<br />
|9.0
|49
|85
|2.0
|330
|17.5
|123
|ca. 330
|1050 - 1075
|-
|CuAg2Cd1,5<br />not standardized<br />
|Ag 2<br />Cd1,5<br />Cu Rest
|9.0
|43
|74
|2.3
|260
|17.8
|121
|ca. 350
|970 - 1055
|-
|CuAg6<br />not standardized<br />
|Ag 6<br />Cu Rest
|9.2
|38
|66
|2.4
|270
|17.5
|120
|
|960 - 1050
|}
</figtable>

<figtable id="tab:tab5.14">
<caption>'''Table 5.14: Mechanical Properties of Selected Copper-Silver-(Cadmium) Alloys'''</caption>

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Material
!Hardness<br />Condition
!Tensile Strength R<sub>m</sub><br />[MPa]
!0,2% Yield Strength<br />R<sub>p02</sub><br />[MPa]
!Elongation<br />A<sub>50</sub><br />[%]
!Vickers<br />Hardness<br />HV
!Bend Radius<sup>1)</sup><br />perpendicular to<br />rolling direction
!Bend Radius<sup>1)</sup><br />parallel to<br />rolling direction
!Spring Bending<br />Limit σ<sub>FB</sub><br />[MPa]
!Spring Fatigue<br />Limit σ<sub>BW</sub><br />[MPa]
|-
|CuAg2
|R 280<br />R 380<br />R 450<br />R 550
|280 - 380<br />380 - 460<br />450 - 570<br />≥ 550
|≤ 180<br />≥ 300<br />≥ 420<br />≥ 500
|30<br />6<br />3<br />1
|50 - 110<br />100 - 140<br />130 - 165<br />≥ 160
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t
|400
|190
|-
|CuAg2Cd1,5
|R 300<br />R 380<br />R 480<br />R 600
|300 - 380<br />380 - 490<br />480 - 620<br />≥ 600
|≤ 190<br />≥ 310<br />≥ 440<br />≥ 550
|30<br />8<br />3<br />1
|55 - 110<br />100 - 145<br />130 - 170<br />≥ 160
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t
|440
|220
|-
|CuAg6
|R 320<br />R 400<br />R 500<br />R 650
|320 - 400<br />400 - 510<br />500 - 660<br />≥ 650
|≤ 210<br />≥ 330<br />≥ 460<br />≥ 610
|30<br />6<br />3<br />1
|70 - 120<br />110 - 150<br />145 - 175<br />≥ 175
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t
|0 x t<br />0 x t<br />1 x t
|460
|230
|}
</figtable>
<sup>1)</sup> t: Strip thickness max. 0.5 mm

<div id="figures5">

<xr id="fig:Phase diagram of copper-silver for the range of 0 – 40 wt% silver"/> Fig. 5.17: Phase diagram of copper-silver for the range of 0 – 40 wt% silver

<xr id="fig:Strain hardening of CuAg2 by cold working"/> Fig. 5.18: Strain hardening of CuAg2 by cold working

<xr id="fig:Softening of CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after 40% cold working"/> Fig. 5.19: Softening of CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after 40% cold working

<xr id="fig:Softening of CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after 80% cold working"/> Fig. 5.20: Softening of CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after 80% cold working
</div>

<div class="multiple-images">

<figure id="fig:Phase diagram of copper-silver for the range of 0 – 40 wt% silver">
[[File:Phase diagram of copper silver.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Phase diagram of copper-silver for the range of 0 – 40 wt% silver</caption>]]
</figure>

<figure id="fig:Strain hardening of CuAg2 by cold working">
[[File:Strain hardening of CuAg2 by cold working.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Strain hardening of CuAg2 by cold working</caption>]]
</figure>

<figure id="fig:Softening of CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after 40% cold working">
[[File:Softening of CuAg2 40.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after 40% cold working</caption>]]
</figure>

<figure id="fig:Softening of CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after 80% cold working">
[[File:Softening of CuAg2 80.jpg|left|thumb|<caption>Softening of CuAg2 after 1 hr annealing after 80% cold working</caption>]]
</figure>
</div>
<div class="clear"></div>

==References==
[[Contact Carrier Materials#References|References]]

Application Tables and Guideline Data for Use of Electrical Contact Design

2014-05-16T14:57:41Z

Admin:

== Application Ranges for Switching Contacts==

===Low and Medium Electrical Loads===
Switching processes at low and medium electrical loads are experienced for example in relays and switches for the measuring technology, telecommunications, automotive usage, and appliances. The switching voltage ranges from μV to 400V with currents between μA and about 100A.

Main Article: [[Low and Medium Electrical Loads| Low and Medium Electrical Loads]]

===6.1.2 High Electrical Loads===
At high electric loads that usually occur in power engineering devices the switching phenomena are mostly related to arc formation. For most applications the management of the switching arc is the key problem. Depending on the device type different require-ments are dominant which influence the selection of the contact material. Similar to those in communications engineering, issues related to the switching characteristics and current path have to be considered.

Main Article: [[High Electrical Loads| High Electrical Loads]]

==6.2 Contact Materials and Design of Contact Components==
The highest reliability and electrical life of electromechanical components and switching devices can only be achieved if both, the material selection and the design of the actual contact parts, are optimized. Economic considerations must of course also be applied when selecting the most suitable contact material and its way of application as an electrical contact. In the following <xr id="tab:Material Selection and Contact Component Design"/> Table 6.1 recommendations are made for selected application examples for contact materials and contact shape or configuration.

<figtable id="tab:Material Selection and Contact Component Design">
<caption>'''Table 6.1: Material Selection and Contact Component Design'''</caption>

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Type of Contacts or Devices
!Characteristic Requirements for Contacts
!Contact Material
!Design Form of Contacts
|-
|Contacts for dry circuits
|Reliable contacting at very low currents and voltages and mostly at also<br />low contact forces
|AuAg alloys, (AuPt), Au
|Contact rivets, welded miniature profiles (tapes), electroplated Au, sputtered Au layers
|-
|Switching contacts in measuring devices
|Reliable switching at low voltages and currents at low contact forces
|Au and Pt alloys, (AgPd alloys)
|Contact rivets, welded tips, clad parts
|-
|Keyboard contacts
|Defined contacting, close to bounce-free make, high reliability at low switching loads
|Au alloys, (AgPd), Au on Ni substrate
|Au plated snap discs, Au clad wires and stamped parts, hard gold electroplated contact spots on printed circuit boards
|-
|Rotary switches on printed circuit boards
|Good frictional wear resistance, low contact résistance
|Sliding track: hard gold on Ni substrate Slider: AgPd alloy, (Hard silver)
|Electroplated coatings on slide tracks; clad, welded, or riveted stamping parts
|-
|Slip rings with high reliability
|Low and consistent contact resistance at low contact forces
|Brushes: Au alloys, AgPd, AgPdCu; Slip rings: Au alloys, Ag alloys (Rh); For higher currents: Ag/C brushes against Ag slip rings
|Brush wires, stamped brushes; solid, clad, or electroplated slip rings, Ag/C formed parts
|-
|Sliding contacts in miniature motors
|Very high frictional wear resistance, sure contacting even at very low contact forces
|Ag and Au alloys, Pd alloys, Au multi component alloys
|Brushes from flat rolled wire or stamped; collector hard gold electroplated or clad, or made from miniature profile segments
|-
|Centrifugal controllers for small motors
|Little shape changes, defined contacting at very low contact forces and high frequency of operation
|Pd alloys
|Contact rivets, contact screws, welded parts
|-
|Connectors
|Low contact resistance, corrosion resistance, sufficient frictional wear resistance, good sliding capabilities
|Ag and Au alloys, Pd, PdNi; For automotive and consumer electronic at low operation numbers: Sn and Sn alloys
|Electroplated layers or clad, often Au flash plated, mostly with Ni substrate layer, stamped parts from hot tin dipped strip
|-
|Telecommunication relays
|Reliable contacting even at high operational frequency
|Ag, AgPd, Au alloys, PdRu
|Rivets, welded profile segments
|-
|Reed relay contacts
|High reliability at low currents independent of atmospheric environment
|Au, (Rh)
|Switch paddles FeNi with partially diffused Au, (electroplated Rh)
|-
|Relays in electronic circuits
|High reliability at low switching loads and compact device design
|Au alloys, AgPd, Ag alloys
|Stamped springs from seam-welded profiles, welded miniature profile (tape) segments, contact rivets
|-
|GP relais (Elementary relays)
|Low arc erosion, high weld resistance, low and consistent contact resistance
|Ag/Ni, Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>, (Ag/CdO), Ag/ZnO,AgNi0.15, (Ag)
|Solid and composite contact rivets, welded miniature profile (tape) segments
|-
|Automotive relays
|Low material transfer, low contact resistance, high weld resistance
|AgNi0.15, Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>, Ag/Ni
|Contact rivets, welded miniature profile (tape) segments
|-
|Flasher relays (automotive, > 3 Mio operations)
|Low material transfer, high arc erosion resistance, low contact resistance
|PdCu15 and 40 (Anode) vs. AgNi0.15, AgCu3 (Cathode), Ag/ZnO, Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>
|Contact rivets, welded miniature profile (tape) and strip segments
|-
|Breaker points (automotive ignition)
|Very high arc erosion resistance, high switching frequency
|W
|Tips or discs welded to formed parts or Fe supports
|-
|Automotive horn contacts
|High arc erosion resistance at extremely high number of switching operations
|W, Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>
|Contact rivets, W weld buttons, springs or formed parts with brazed or welded tips
|-
|Appliance switches
|Low contact resistance, reasonable arc erosion and weld resistance
|AgNi0.15, Ag/Ni, Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>, (Ag/CdO)
|Contact rivets, welded contact parts
|-
|Temperature controllers (Thermostats)
|Defined contacting point even at slow motion make, high operating temperatures
|AgNi0.15, Ag/Ni, Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>, (Ag/CdO)
|Contact rivets, welded contact parts, weld buttons
|-
|Wiring devices (Light switches)
|Low contact resistance, reasonable arc erosion and weld resistance
|AgNi0.15, AgCu, Ag/Ni, with make peaks also Ag/ZnO, (Ag/CdO)
|Contact rivets, welded contact parts
|}
</figtable>

'''Table 6.1: Material Selection and Contact Component Design (Fortsetzung)'''

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Type of Contacts or Devices
!Characteristic Requirements for Contacts
!Contact Material
!Design Form of Contacts
|-
|Automatic staircase lighting switches
|High arc erosion and weld resistance
|Ag/Ni, Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>, (Ag/CdO), Ag/C against Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>
|Rivets, welded contact parts
|-
|Miniature Circuit breakers
|Extremely high weld resistance, low temperature rise in use, sufficient arc erosion resistance
|I< 50 A: Ag/C97/3 (Cu/C) against Cu, I> 50 A : Ag/C97/3 o. 95/5 against AgCu3, Ag/Ni90/10 o. 80/20, Ag/W, Ag/WC (USA)
|Welded contact parts (Ag/C), clad stamped parts
|-
|Fault current circuit breakers
|Extremely high weld resistance, low contact resistance, high arc erosion resistance
|Stationary contact: Ag/C96/4 o. 95/5 Movable contact: Ag/Ni, Ag/MeO, Ag/W, Ag/WC, Ag/WC/C
|Welded and brazed contact parts
|-
|Micro snap switches
|Low contact resistance, no sticking during make operation
|AgNi 0,15, Ag/Ni, Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>, (Ag/CdO)
|Rivets, clad or welded contact parts
|-
|Control and auxiliary switches
|Low contact resistance over extended life span
|Ag, AgNi 0,15, AgCu, Ag/Ni
|Rivets, clad stamped parts, (gold plated rivets), welded contact parts
|-
|Auxiliary and control relays
|High reliability over extended life span, low contact resistance
|AgNi 0,15, Ag/Ni
|Rivets, clad profile parts, welded contact parts
|-
|Cam switches (higher loads)
|High arc erosion and weld resistance, low contact resistance
|AgCu, Ag/Ni, Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>, Ag/ZnO, (Ag/CdO)
|Rivets, welded contact parts
|-
|Contactors
|High arc erosion and weld resistance, low contact resistance
|I< 20A : Ag/Ni, Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub> I>20A : Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>, (AgCdO)
|Welded and brazed contact tips
|-
|Motor -protective circuit breakers
|Extremely high weld resistance, low contact resistance
|Ag/ZnO, Ag/C against Ag/Ni
|Welded contact parts, toplay stamping parts
|-
|Power switches and circuit breakers
|Extremely high arc erosion and weld resistance, low contact resistance
|Ag/ZnO, Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub> , Ag/C against Ag/Ni o. Ag/W, Ag/W, Ag/WC/C, Ag/W against Ag/CdO
|Brazed and welded contact tips and formed parts
|-
|Power switches with arcing and main contacts
|High weld resistance, low contact resistance, high arc erosion resistance
|Arcing contacts: W/Ag, W/Cu, (Cu) Main contacts: Ag/Ni, Ag/ZnO, Ag/W, Ag/WC
|Brazed and welded contact tips and formed parts
|-
|Disconnect switches
|Low contact resistance, sufficient mechanical strength
|AgNi 0,15, Ag/Ni, Ag (electroplated)
|Electroplated coatings, brazed contact parts
|-
|High voltage circuit breakers
|Arcing contacts: highest arc erosion resistance Main contacts: low contact resistance
|Arcing contacts: W/Cu-infiltrated Main contact CuCrZr silver plated,
|Cast-on, electron-beam welded (or brazed) formed parts, percussion welded pins
|-
|Load disconnect switches (medium and high voltage)
|Low contact resistance, sufficient mechanical strength, high arc erosion resistance of precontacts
|Arcing contact: W/Cu, Cu, Ag/C Main contact: Cu, CuCrZr silver plated, Ag/Ni, AgNi0,15, Ag/C
|Arcing contacts: brazed or welded parts Main contacts: silver plated, brazed or welded parts
|-
|Vacuum contactors
|Low chopping current, high arc erosion resistance, low contact resistance
|Low gas content W/Cu, W/CuSb, WC/Ag, CuCr
|Contact discs, shaped rings
|-
|Vacuum circuit breakers
|High switching capacity, low contact resistance
|Low gas content CuCr
|Contact discs
|-
|Transformer tab changers
|High arc erosion resistance in oil environment
|W/Cu in filtrated with approx. 70%
|Brazed contact tips
|-
|Disconnect switches in high voltage circuits
|Low contact resistance, low mechanical wear, sufficient arc erosion resistance during current commutation
|Ag (electroplated), AgNi0,15, Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>
|Electroplated coatings, brazed parts, Toplay profile segments
|}
'''Notes:'''
<xr id="tab:Material Selection and Contact Component Design"/> Table 6.1 is meant to give suggestions for the use of contact materials for the specified devices. For most of the contact materials we deliberately did not indicate the exact composition and, as for Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub> and AgZnO, did also not include specific additives. The final material composition depends on specific design parameters of the electrical device. Advise on the special properties of specific contact materials can be found in chapter 2 [[Contact Materials for Electrical Engineering| Contact Materials for Electrical Engineering ]].

==6.3 Design Technologies for Contacts==
A multitude of technologies is available and used for the actual manufacturing of contact components (see chapter 3 [[Manufacturing Technologies for Contact Parts|Manufacturing Technologies for Contact Parts]]). The desired contact shape however requires specific material properties like for example formability and weldability which cannot be fulfilled by all materials in the same way. In addition the design of the contact part must be compatible with the stresses and requirements of each switching device. The following <xr id="tab:Design Technologies for Contacts"/> table 6.2 combines contact design, contact material, and specific applications.

<figtable id="tab:Design Technologies for Contacts">
<caption>'''Table 6.2: Design Technologies for Contacts'''</caption>

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Contact Parts, Semi-finished Materials
!Typical Contact Materials and Dimensions
!Main Areas of Application
!Remarks
|-
|Contact rivets solid, inserted wire segments
|Ag, Ag alloys, Au alloys, Pd alloys, Ag/Ni, Ag/C97/3, Ag/MeO (1.2 – 8 mm Ø)
|All types of switches in the communications, automotive, or power distribution technology simple contact component, universally applied, selection through economic aspects
|Secure rivet attachment only with sufficiently thick shank (shank Ø = 1⁄2 head Ø); change-over contacts by forming secondary head from longer shanks
|-
|Contact rivets, clad (Composite Rivets)
|Ag, Ag alloys, Ag/Ni, Ag/MeO on Cu base (2 ~ 10 mm Ø)
|All types of switches in the communications, automotive, or power engineering
|Secure rivet attachment only with sufficiently thick shank (shank Ø = 1⁄2 head Ø)
|-
|Contact rivets with brazed surface layer
|Tungsten and difficult to form powder metallurgical materials (i.e. Ag/C) on Cu or Fe bases (1 ~ 12 mm Ø)
|Switches for power engineering, W layers mostly for controls
|Tungsten contact to be staked (riveted) with moderate force or using orbital riveting; for Fe bases also warm-forming
|-
|Contact screws
|Any contact material on Fe and CuZn screws, brazed, (1 ~ 10 mm Ø, M 2 ~ M 10)
|Adjustable contacts for controls and horns
|During brazing carrier may get soft
|-
|Vertically welded wire segments
|Ag, Ag alloys, Ag/Ni, AgPd, Au alloys (wire 0.6 ~ 5 mm Ø)
|Contact parts for control functions and power engine- ering; economical manufacturing at higher quantities
|Welding and subsequently heading or orbital forming of head shape
|-
|Horizontally welded wire and profile segments
|Au alloys, Pd alloys, Ag, Ag alloys, Ag/Ni, Ag/MeO, Ag/C in strip or profile form, Miniature profiles - also multi-layered (profile width 0.2 ~ 5 mm)
|Contact parts for communication, measurement, controls and power engineering; very economical with respect to precious metal usage
|Welding synchronized to stamping / forming on special equipment
|-
|Weld buttons
|Ag, Ag alloys, Ag/Ni, Ag/MeO on Steel, Ni, Monel; Ag/W, Ag/Mo (1.5 ~ 10 mm Ø)
|Welded for example to steel springs or thermostatic bimetals for temperature controls
|Metallurgical bond through simple projection welding remains strong in temperature cycling applications
|-
|Tungsten weld buttons
|W on Ni or Ni-plated Fe, (2 ~ 6 mm) with weld projections
|Contacts for controls, ignition points and horns; arcing contacts in special relays
|For change-over contact welded on both sides of carrier
|-
|Brazed contact tips
|All materials and dimensions, oxide and graphite containing materials with brazable backing, carrier parts from Fe, Cu and Cu alloys, at higher strength requirements also CuCrZr or CuBe
|Medium and higher load switching devices for power engineering
|Braze alloy layer with low meting point, carriers may soften during brazing
|-
|Clad contact materials (Contact Bimetals), totally covered or with inlayed strips
|Ductile precious metals on Cu and Cu alloys, minimum precious metal layer 2% of total strip thickness for Ag and Ag alloys, 0.5% of total strip thickness for Au alloys (with Ni intermediate layer), max. inlayed thickness 50% of total, strip width starting at 2 mm
|Clad contact springs; stamped and formed parts for communications and power engineering; aluminum clad for bonding capability
|Metallurgical bond; inlayed strip stamped perpendicular or at angle to strip direction; avoid bends at the cladding edges
|-
|Strips or profiles with brazed contact material layers (Toplay material)
|Ag, Ag alloys, Ag/Ni, Ag/MeO on Cu and Cu alloy carriers, total width 10 ~ 100mm, carrier thickness 0.3 – 5 mm, Ag strip cross section from 0.3 x 3 mm<sup>2</sup>, strip thickn. to be ≤ carrier thickn.
|Stationary and moving contact bridges for power engineering switching devices
|Contact layers brazed with Ag brazing alloys; strips re-hardened during profile rolling
|-
|Seam-welded contact strips or profiles
|Wire, strip, miniature profiles (solid or clad) welded to Cu alloy carrier strip (0.3 – 3 mm Ø or up to 5 mm width)
|Switches, pushbuttons, relays, auxiliary contactors, sliding contacts
|Broad usability, highly economical, thin spring hard carriers can be used
|-
|Miniature profiles (Weld tapes)
|Mostly high precious contact materials, double or multi layer, Ni, Monel, or Cu alloy carrier; miniature-profile width 0.2 – 2 mm
|Welded profile segments for contact parts in communication, measurement and control engineering
|Manufacturing of cross-directional contact spots; most economical precious metal usage
|}

'''Table 6.2: Design Technologies for Contacts (Fortsetzung)'''

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Contact Parts, Semi-finished Materials
!Typical Contact Materials and Dimensions
!Main Areas of Application
!Remarks
|-
|Clad profiles
|Ag, Ag alloys, Ag/Ni, Ag/MeO, on Cu or Cu alloy carriers, all cross-sectional areas that can be drawn or rolled; Profile width: 2 ~ 10 mm
|Profile segments as contact areas for low and high voltage switching devices
|More complex shapes require costly tooling
|-
|Sintered and infiltrated parts
|W-, WC-, Mo-based materials, in almost any contact shapes
|Contact parts for low and high voltage switching devices
|Single parts pressing; mostly with weld projec- tions and braze alloy coating on underside
|-
|Formed arc erosion parts
|W/Cu infiltration materials, parts in almost any shapes
|Arcing contacts for extreme duty switching devices, i.e. SF<sub>6</sub> circuit breakers
|Attachment to Cu carriers by cast-on, percussion welding, electron-beam welding; rarely by brazing
|-
|Low gas content contact parts
|W/Cu-, WC/Ag-, CuCr-based materials, rings and discs in almost any shape
|Shaped contact parts for vacuum switches (contactors, power switches, circuit breakers)
|Brazing to Cu carriers requires special brazing alloys
|-
|Cast-on contact parts
|W/Cu cast on with Cu, shaped parts and rings up to 100 mm Ø
|Arcing contacts in high voltage switchgear
|Seamless bond interface, carriers get hardened through subsequent forming
|-
|Electron-beam welded contact parts
|W/Cu on Cu or CuCrZr contact rods, tubes, tulips
|Arcing contacts in high voltage circuit breakers
|Seamless bond interface, withstands high mechanical and thermal stresses
|-
|Silver electroplating
|Layer thickness up to 20 μm, mostly on Cu and Cu alloys
|Connecting areas and no-load switching contacts in power engineering; rotary switches, sliding contacts, connectors
|For switching contacts only under very low loads
|-
|Gold electroplating
|Flash plating 0.1 – 0.2 μm on Ag alloys, and Cu alloys; contact layers 0.5 – 5 μm mostly with intermediate Ni layer
|Contacts with low current and voltage loads, connectors, rotary and sliding switches, contact areas on printed circuit boards
|Flash plating only limited effective as corrosion resistant layer on silver contacts
|-
|Selectively electroplated strips
|Stripe coatings: Tin plating 1- 10 μm, Ag plating 1 – 20 μm, Au plating 0.2 – 5 μm; stripe width 2 mm min, stripe distance > 2 mm; carrier material: Cu and Cu alloys, Ni alloys, stainless steel; strip thickness: 0.1 ~ 1 mm; strip width: 5 ~ 100 mm
|Contact parts for connectors, keyboard switches, rotary and sliding switches; bondable areas (Au) for electronic components
|Economic manufacturing for partially plated parts; hard gold with Ni intermediate layer possible but has limited formability
|-
|Selectively electroplated pre-stamped strips, Spot gold plating
|Continuous partial electroplating of pre-stamped and coined contact spots; all
precious metals; intermediate layers of Cu or Ni; selective tinning of connector contact areas and terminal ends; carrier materials up to 1 mm thick, strip width up to ~ 80 mm
|Precious metal plating of switching contacts, connector parts, and terminal pins in the communication technology
|Crack-free and wear resistant layers possible since contact areas are already formed to final shape
|-
|Sputtered profiles
|Au, Au alloys in any composition; layer thickness 0.1 – 5 μm
|Contact profiles for relays, switches and keyboard contacts in the information and measuring technology
|High purity contact layers for high reliability
|-
|Hot-dip tinned strips
|All around or stripe tinning 1 ~ 15 μm
|Connectors for automotive and consumer technology; screw and crimp connectors
|Economic coating method; does not form (Sn) whiskers
|}
</figtable>

==6.4 Formulas and Design Rules==

===6.4.1 Definition of Terms and Symbols===
Note: The symbols for electrical contact specific terms (i.e. contact area,
contact resistance, etc. have been retained from the german version of the Data
Book. In related English literature some of them may vary using subscript
symbols related to the language used – for example “contact resistance”: as
used here from german R<sub>k</sub>, in english mostly R<sub>c</sub>.

Main Article: [[Definition of Terms and Symbols| Definition of Terms and Symbols]]

===6.4.2 Contact Physics – Formulas===

Main Article: [[Contact Physics – Formulas| Contact Physics – Formulas]]

===6.4.3 Closed Contacts===

<xr id="fig:Rough flat surface"/> Fig. 6.5: Rough flat surface a) before and b) during making contact with an ideally
smooth flat surface; c) Schematic of the apparent, load bearing and effective
contact areas (not to scale; dashed lines are elevation lines)

<xr id="fig:Contact-resistance-of-crossed-rods"/> Fig. 6.6: Contact resistance of crossed rods as a function of the contact force for gold, silver and silver-palladium alloys

<div class="multiple-images">

<figure id="fig:Rough flat surface">
[[File:Rough flat surface.jpg|left|thumb|Rough flat surface. a) before and b) during making contact with an ideally
smooth flat surface; c) Schematic of the apparent, load bearing and effective
contact areas (not to scale; dashed lines are elevation lines)]]
</figure>

<figure id="fig:Contact-resistance-of-crossed-rods">
[[File:Contact-resistance-of-crossed-rods.jpg|left|thumb|Contact resistance of crossed rods as a function of the contact force for gold, silver and silver-palladium alloys]]
</figure>
</div>
<div class="clear"></div>

<figtable id="tab:Thermo-electrical Voltage of Contact Materials (against Copper)">
<caption>'''Table 6.3: Thermo-electrical Voltage of Contact Materials (against Copper)'''</caption>

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!
!Contact Materials
!Thermo-electric Voltage (0 - 100°C) [mV]
|-
|Pure metals
|Ag<br />Au<br />Pt<br />Ir<br />Pd<br />Rh<br />Re<br />Cu<br />W<br />Mo
| + 0.04<br />+ 0.06<br />+ 0.78<br />+ 0.13<br />+ 1.35<br />+ 0.08<br />+ 0.78<br />0<br />- 0.46<br />- 0.73
|-
|Alloys/Composite materials
|AgCu 3<br />AgPd 30<br />AgPd 40<br />AgPd 50<br />AgPd 60<br />Ag/Ni 10<br />Ag/Ni 20<br />Ag/W 65<br />AuNi 5<br />AuAg 20<br />AuPt 10<br />PtW 5<br />Ptlr 10<br />Ptlr 20<br />PtRu 5<br />PtRu 10<br />PdCu 15<br />PdCu 40
| + 0.026<br />+ 0.125<br />+ 0.198<br />+ 0.321<br />+ 0.412<br />+ 0.23<br />+ 0.27<br />+ 0.01<br />+ 4.7<br />+ 2.76<br />+ 1.11<br />+ 0.67<br />+ 0.56<br />+ 0.60<br />+ 0.32<br />+ 0.13<br />+ 0.180<br />+ 0.247
|}
</figtable>

===6.4.4 Switching Contacts===

Main Article: [[Switching Contacts| Switching Contacts]]

===6.4.5 Physical Effects in Sliding and Connector Contacts===

Main Article: [[Physical Effects in Sliding and Connector Contacts| Physical Effects in Sliding and Connector Contacts]]

===6.4.6 General Rules for Dimensioning of Contacts===

Main Article: [[General Rules for Dimensioning of Contacts| General Rules for Dimensioning of Contacts]]

===6.4.7 Contact Spring Calculations===

Main Article: [[Contact Spring Calculations| Contact Spring Calculations]]

==References==

Vinaricky, E. (Hrsg): Elektrische Kontakte-Werkstoffe und Anwendungen.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg 2002

Schröder, K.-H.: Grundlagen der Werkstoffauswahl für elektrische Kontakte.
Buchreihe „Kontakt & Studium“, Band 366:zit. in „Werkstoffe für elektrische
Kontakte und ihre Anwendungen“, Expert Verlag, Renningen, Bd. 366, (1997)
1-30

Horn, J.: „Steckverbinder“. zit. in Vinaricky, E. (Hrsg): „Elektrische Kontakte-
Werkstoffe und Anwendungen“, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg 2002, 401-
419

Holm, R.: Electric Contacts, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1967

Sauer, H. (Hrsg): Relais-Lexikon. 2. Aufl. Hüthig-Verlag, Heidelberg 1985

Greenwood J.A.: Constriction Resistance and the Area of Contact,
Brit.J.Appl.Phys. 17 (1966) 1621

Biefer, H.: Elektrische Kontakte, Technische Rundschau (Bern) (1954/10) 17

Thielecke, K.: Anwendung von Kontakten in Schwachstromschaltern, in
“Kontaktwerkstoffe in der Elektrotechnik”, Akademie-Verlag Berlin 1962, 107

Kirchdorfer, J.: Schalter für elektrische Steuerkreise, Blaue TR-Reihe, Heft 91,
Verlag Hallwag, Bern und Stuttgart 1969

File:Disc.jpg

2014-05-16T14:50:23Z

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== Summary ==
{|
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|Description
|Disc
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|Author
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|Date
|11 March 2014
|}
== Licensing =={{CC-by-sa-4.0}}

Physical Properties of the Most Important Metals

2014-05-16T12:20:27Z

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The following tables list the physical properties of the most technically significant pure metals as well as carbon. The values given may vary considerably depending on the degree of purity and sometimes they are also difficult to determine. In compiling the data from the available literature we selected those that are currently the most probable. Some properties are anisotropic and vary with the crystalline structure of the metal.</onlyinclude> In those cases, whenever possible, we listed the value applicable to the poly-crystalline stage. <br>

<figtable id="tab:Mechanical Properties of the Most Important Metals">
<caption>'''Mechanical Properties of the Most Important Metals'''</caption>

{| class="twocolortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px"
|-
!Element/Metal
!Density [[#text-reference|<sup>1</sup>]]
[g/cm³]
!Modulus of
Elasticity [[#text-reference|<sup>1</sup>]][GPa]
!Shear Modulus
[GPa]
!Transvers Contraction Coeffic.
|-
|Aluminum
|2.70
|65
|27
|0.34
|-
|Antimony
|6.62
|56
|20.4
|0.28
|-
|Beryllium
|1.85
|298
|150
|0.12
|-
|Lead
|11.36
|14.5
|6
|0.44
|-
|Cadmium
|8.65
|57.5
|29
|0.30
|-
|Chromium
|7.19
|160
|
|0.25
|-
|Iron
|7.89
|208
|83
|0.28
|-
|Gallium
|5.91
|9.6
|
|0.46
|-
|Gold
|19.32
|79
|28
|0.42
|-
|Indium
|7.31
|11
|
|0.45
|-
|Iridium
|22.65
|538
|214
|0.26
|-
|Cobalt
|8.85
|216
|
|0.31
|-
|Carbon (Graphite)
|2.1-2.3
|5
|
|
|-
|Copper
|8.95
|115
|48
|0.34
|-
|Magnesium
|1.74
|46
|18
|0.28
|-
|Manganese
|7.43
|165
|77
|0.24
|-
|Molybdenum
|10.21
|347
|122
|0.30
|-
|Nickel
|8.90
|216
|83
|0.31
|-
|Niobium
|8.57
|113
|39
|0.38
|-
|Osmium
|22.61
|570
|220
|0.25
|-
|Palladium
|12.02
|124
|51
|0.39
|-
|Platinum
|21.45
|173
|67
|0.39
|-
|Mercury
|13.55
|
|
|
|-
|Rhenium
|21.04
|480
|215
|0.26
|-
|Rhodium
|12.41
|386
|153
|0.26
|-
|Ruthenium
|12.45
|485
|172
|0.29
|-
|Silver
|10.49
|82
|27
|0.37
|-
|Tantalum
|16.60
|188
|70
|0.35
|-
|Titanium
|4.51
|120
|43
|0.34
|-
|Vanadium
|6.10
|136
|52
|0.36
|-
|Bismuth
|9.80
|33
|13
|0.33
|-
|Tungsten
|19.32
|360
|158
|0.30
|-
|Zinc
|7.13
|96
|36
|0.29
|-
|Tin
|7.30
|47
|18
|0.33
|-
|Zirconium
|6.49
|98
|36
|0.33
|-
|}
<div id="text-reference"><sub>1</sub> at 20°C</div>
</figtable>

<xr id="tab:Atomic Properties of the Most Important Metals"/>
'''Atomic Properties of the Most Important Metals'''
<br />
<xr id="tab:Thermal Properties of the Most Important Metals"/>
'''Thermal Properties of the Most Important Metals'''
<br />
<xr id="tab:Electrical Properties of the Most Important Metals"/>
'''Electrical Properties of the Most Important Metals'''

<div class="multiple-images">
<figtable id="tab:Atomic Properties of the Most Important Metals">
[[File:Atomic-Properties-of-the-Most-Important-Metals.jpg|left|thumb|Atomic Properties of the Most Important Metals]]
</figtable>
<figtable id="tab:Thermal Properties of the Most Important Metals">
[[File:Thermal-Properties-of-the-Most-Important-Metals.jpg|left|thumb|Thermal Properties of the Most Important Metals]]
</figtable>
<figtable id="tab:Electrical Properties of the Most Important Metals">
[[File:Electrical-Properties-of-the-Most-Important-Metals.jpg|left|thumb|Electrical Properties of the Most Important Metals]]
</figtable>
</div>
<div class="clear"></div>
===References===

Metals Handbook, Desk Edition: Chicago, IL, American Society of Metal, 1985

Landolt-Börnstein: Zahlenwerte und Funktionen. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg, 1959

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 70<sup>th</sup> Edition: CRC Press., Inc. Boca Raton, Florida, 1989 - 1990

Fluck, E.; Heumann, K., G.: Periodensystem der Elemente. Weinheim: VCH-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1986

Kieffer, R.; Jangg, G.; Ettmayer, P.: Sondermetalle. Springer- Verlag, Wien-New York, 1963

Hering, E.; Schulz, W.: Physik für Ingenieure (Periodensystem der Elemente). Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1988

Degussa AG (Hrsg.): Edelmetall-Taschenbuch. Hüthig-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1995

Slade, P.; G. (editor): Electrical Contacts Principles and Applications. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York-Basel, 1999

Gerritsen, A.; N.: Metallic Conductivity in: Flügge, S.: Handbuch der Physik, Bd. 19, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg, 1956

Köster, W.; Franz, H.: Poisson,s Ratio for Metals and Alloys. Metallurg. Reviews 6 (1961)

Nesmeyanow, A., N.: Vapor Pressure of the Chemical Elements: Elsevier, Amsterdam-London-New York, 1963

Wyckoff, R., W., G.: Crystal Structures. Vol 1,New York, 1963

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2014-05-16T11:58:19Z

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Data Book of Electrical Contacts

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<div class="accordion">
<ol>
<li>
Infomation technology
</li>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Galvanic deposition]]</span></div>
<div>For electroplating of metals, especially precious metals, water based solutions (electrolytes) are used which contain the metals to be deposited as ions (i.e. dissolved metal salts). An electric field between the anode and the work pieces as the cathode forces the positively charged metal ions to move to the cathode where they give up their charge and deposit themselves as metal on the surface of the work piece. Depending on the application, for electric and electronic or decorative end use, different electrolytic bath solutions (electrolytes) are used. The electroplating equipment used for precious metal plating and its complexity varies widely depending on the process technologies employed. Electroplating processes are encompassing besides the pure metal deposition also preparative and post treatments of the goods to be coated. An important parameter for creating strongly adhering deposits is the surface of the goods to be metallic clean without oily or oxide film residues. This is achieved through various pre-treatment processes specifically developed for the types of material and surface conditions of the goods to be plated. In the following segments electrolytes – both precious and non-precious – as well as the most widely used electroplating processes are described.
[[Electroplating_(or_Galvanic_Deposition)|more]] </div>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|PVD]]</span></div>
<div>The term PVD (physical vapor deposition) defines processes of metal, metal alloys, and chemical compounds deposition in a vacuum by adding thermal and kinetic energy through particle bombardment. The main processes are the following four coating variations:
* Vapor deposition
* Sputtering (Cathode atomization)
* Arc vaporizing
* Ion implantation
In all four processes the coating material is transported in its atomic form to the substrate and deposited on it as a thin layer (a few nm to approx. 10 μm)
[[Surface_Coating_Technologies#7.2_Coatings_from_the_Gaseous_Phase_.28Vacuum_Deposition.29|more]]
</div>

<li> Energy technology (typically < 12V <500mA)</li>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Cocurrent flow]]</span></div>
<div>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est
</div>
<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Single-phase alternating current]]</span></div>
<div>
{|class="pathtable"
!  
! colspan="5" |Switching current
|-
|class=" first " |Applications
|class="ordered" | 1
|class="ordered" | 10
|class="ordered" | 100
|class="ordered" | 1000
|class="ordered" | 10.000
|-
|class="other"| Appliance switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"| Light switches <br />
Main switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br /> [[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 20%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Power relays
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 18%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Circuit breakers
(domestic MCCBs)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnOAg/CdO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Disconnect, power and motor switches (control relays and contactors)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 22%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnOAg/CdO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other" | Heavy-duty switchgear (industrial)
| colspan="6" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 22%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 30%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span> <span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[#|Ag/W]] [[Tungsten_and_Molybdenum_Based_Materials|Ag/WC/C<br />Ag/Wc]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Automotive relays and switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag,AgNiO15]],</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#SilverMetal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>]]</span></div>
|-
|}
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60%}#ca-unwatch.icon a span,#ca-watch.icon a span{display:none}div.doducoTabs ul{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAAuCAIAAABmjeQ9AAAARElEQVR4XmVO0QqAQAwy//+P87QjGUf0IDo3ZZREAD84eXkZ5YDBRQcFwpXv3kW1N4/GmZXe326/xnf9ya8zzy/NtusBX91B1f55qzcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);background-image:url(http://www.electrical-contacts-wiki.com/skins/doduco/images/tab-break.png?2013-09-03T18:56:40Z)!ie;background-position:right bottom;background-repeat:no-repeat}.tipsy{font-size:0.8em}body.doduco-animateLayout div#content,body.doduco-animateLayout div#footer{-moz-transition:margin-left 250ms,padding 250ms;-webkit-transition:margin-left 250ms,padding 250ms;-o-transition:margin-left 250ms,padding 250ms;transition:margin-left 250ms,padding 250ms}body.doduco-animateLayout #p-logo,body.doduco-animateLayout #left-navigation{-moz-transition:left 250ms;-webkit-transition:left 250ms;-o-transition:left 250ms;transition:left 250ms}body.doduco-animateLayout #mw-panel{-moz-transition:padding-left 250ms;-webkit-transition:padding-left 250ms;-o-transition:padding-left 250ms;transition:padding-left 250ms}body.doduco-animateLayout
#p-search{-moz-transition:margin-right 250ms;-webkit-transition:margin-right 250ms;-o-transition:margin-right 250ms;transition:margin-right 250ms}}
@media screen and (min-width:982px){div#content{padding:0 1.5em 1.5em 0em}#p-logo{left:0.5em}div#footer{padding:0.25em}#mw-panel{padding-left:0.5em}#left-navigation{left:12em; font-weight: bold}#p-personal{right:1em}#mw-head-base{margin-left:11em}}

.page-Platinum_Metal_Based_Materials div.tleft, .page-Platinum_Metal_Based_Materials .tleft{clear: none}

.page-Platinum_Metal_Based_Materials div.thumb.tleft{min-height:280px;}
#multiple-images > .tleft, .multiple-images > .tleft{clear: none;}
#multiple-images > div.thumb.tleft, .multiple-images > div.thumb.tleft{min-height:280px; clear: none;}
#multiple-images div.thumb.tleft, .multiple-images div.thumb.tleft{min-height:280px; clear: none;}
#multiple-images:after, .multiple-images:after{content:" ";clear:both;}.clear{clear:both;}.ran-article-title{padding: .5em 0;} .ran-article-text p{ margin: 0;}
.multiple-images img.thumbimage{height: 200px;}
.multiple-images .crossref-block{float: left;}
.multiple-images .thumbcaption {height: 5em; overflow:hidden; font-size:10px}
:target .thumbinner, :target .div.thumb.tleft, :target table {border: 2px solid #a55858;}
#powered-by{font-size: 0.7em;margin: -1em .4em 2.7em 2em;}
/*.picture-item img.thumbimage{width: 200px;}*/
.random-article-item + .random-article-item{margin-top:1.5em;}
#backtotop{margin:0;right:5px}
table.pathtable{border-spacing: 0;border: 1px solid black;}
.ordered{border: 1px solid black; }
.formel{ height: 5.5em;display: table;float: left; border-right: 1px solid gray;}
.level1{background-color: #EBEBEB;width: 14%; }
/*td.first{width:10em}*/

.pathtable td, .pathtable th {border: 1px solid black; width: 30%;}
td.ordered {width: 14%;}
.pathtable th {text-align: center;}
.other{height:4.5em;}
.level2{background-color:#E5E5E5;width: 15%;}
.level3{width: 13%;}
.text-formel{display: table-cell;vertical-align:middle;text-decoration: underline;} .text-formel a{color: #0645ad;}
.ui-widget, .accordion, .accordion .pathtable, .accordion .ui-accordion .ui-widget .ui-helper-reset .ui-accordion-icons{font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 12px;}
.accordion-header .ui-accordion-header .ui-helper-reset .ui-state-default .ui-corner-all, .accordion-header{border: none !important; background: none !important; background-color: transparent; border: 0;}

.accordion { margin-bottom: 1em}
.accordion .dotted{padding: 0;margin: 0;display: inline-block; zoom:1;display: -moz-inline-stack; *display: inline; }

.ui-state-default a:link,.accordion .accordion-header a:link, .accordion .ui-widget-content a, .text-formel a, .accordion-header a {color: #0645ad; margin-left: 2em; padding: 0.5em 0 0; }
.gray-first td{padding: 10px 20px;} .accordion .text-formel a{margin:0; padding:0;} .accordion .text-formel a + .text-formel a{margin-left: 5px;}
.accordion .dotted a:link{border-bottom: 1px dashed #0645ad;}
.accordion .ui-widget-content a:visited, .text-formel a:visited{color: #0645ad;}
.accordion .ui-widget-content a:hover, .text-formel a:hover{color: #0b0080;}

.ui-state-default a:visited, .accordion .accordion-header a:visited {color: #0645ad ; zoom:1; padding: 0; }
.accordion .dotted a:visited{border-bottom: 1px dotted #0645ad;}

.accordion .accordion-header a:hover, .accordion .ui-state-hover a, .accordion ui-state-hover a:hover, {color: #0b0080 ;}

.accordion .dotted a:hover{color: #0b0080; border-bottom: 1px solid #0b0080 ;}
.guide-list li{margin-bottom: .5em;}
.gray-first tr:first-child, .gray-first tr:nth-child(2n+3) {background: #CCC}
table.gray-first {border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; border: 1px solid black;}
table.twocolortable{border: 1px solid black;}
table.twocolortable td:last-child{border-right: 1px solid black;}
.scalable{max-height:298px;float: left;margin-right:2%;width:45%;}
.scalable +.scalable{min-height:298px;float: none;margin-right:0;}
table.innertable {border: none; }
table.innertable td {border: none; min-width: 5em; padding: 0;}

MediaWiki:Common.css

2014-05-16T11:32:14Z

Admin:

.page-Main_Page #content {border-top:0}
.page-Main_Page #firstHeading{margin-bottom: 0}
.page-Create_New_Article #p-cactions, .page-Create_New_Article #p-views, .page-Create_New__Article #p-namespaces { display: none !important; }
.page-Main_Page #p-cactions, .page-Main_Page #p-views, .page-Main_Page #p-namespaces { display: none !important; }

.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #p-cactions,
.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #p-views,
.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #p-namespaces,
.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #ca-view,
.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #ca-edit,
.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #ca-talk,
.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #ca-viewsource,
.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #ca-history { display: none !important; }

.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #firstHeading, .page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts h1 { margin-bottom: 0}

.page-Data_Book_of_Electrical_Contacts #content{border-top: none;}

.page-Discussion #ca-edit, .page-Discussion #p-cactions ,.page-Discussion #p-views ,
.page-Discussion #ca-talk,
.page-Discussion #ca-viewsource,
.page-Discussion #ca-history { display: none !important; }

/* hide mediawiki powered by*/

#footer-icon-poweredby { display: none; }

/*hide tabs on custom (main) page

.page-Main_Page #ca-talk, .page-Main_Page #ca-viewsource, .page-Main_Page #ca-view, .page-Main_Page #ca-edit, .page-Main_Page #ca-history {
display: none !important;
}

*/
/* LOGO */

#p-logo {
/* background-color: lightgray;*/
width: 7em;
left:0;
}

table.mainPage{
border: 0;
background: transparent;
width: 100%;
}
table.mainPage td{
vertical-align: top;
width:45%;
}

table.mainPage td + td{
padding-left: 30px;
}
table.mainPage td p{
padding-left: 5px;
}
.small{
font-size: 10px;
}
.mainPage h4{
background-color: lightgray;
padding-left: 5px
}

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Infomation technology
</li>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|galvanische Schichten]]</span></div>
<div>For electroplating of metals, especially precious metals, water based solutions (electrolytes) are used which contain the metals to be deposited as ions (i.e. dissolved metal salts). An electric field between the anode and the work pieces as the cathode forces the positively charged metal ions to move to the cathode where they give up their charge and deposit themselves as metal on the surface of the work piece. Depending on the application, for electric and electronic or decorative end use, different electrolytic bath solutions (electrolytes) are used. The electroplating equipment used for precious metal plating and its complexity varies widely depending on the process technologies employed. Electroplating processes are encompassing besides the pure metal deposition also preparative and post treatments of the goods to be coated. An important parameter for creating strongly adhering deposits is the surface of the goods to be metallic clean without oily or oxide film residues. This is achieved through various pre-treatment processes specifically developed for the types of material and surface conditions of the goods to be plated. In the following segments electrolytes – both precious and non-precious – as well as the most widely used electroplating processes are described.
[[Electroplating_(or_Galvanic_Deposition)|more]] </div>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|PVD]]</span></div>
<div>The term PVD (physical vapor deposition) defines processes of metal, metal alloys, and chemical compounds deposition in a vacuum by adding thermal and kinetic energy through particle bombardment. The main processes are the following four coating variations:
* Vapor deposition
* Sputtering (Cathode atomization)
* Arc vaporizing
* Ion implantation
In all four processes the coating material is transported in its atomic form to the substrate and deposited on it as a thin layer (a few nm to approx. 10 μm)
[[Surface_Coating_Technologies#7.2_Coatings_from_the_Gaseous_Phase_.28Vacuum_Deposition.29|more]]
</div>

<li> Energy technology (typically < 12V <500mA)</li>

<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Gleichstrom(DC)]]</span></div>
<div>
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</div>
<div class="accordion-header"><span class="dotted">[[#|Wechselstrom(AC)]]</span></div>
<div>
{|class="pathtable"
!  
! colspan="5" |Switching current
|-
|class=" first " |Applications
|class="ordered" | 1
|class="ordered" | 10
|class="ordered" | 100
|class="ordered" | 1000
|class="ordered" | 10.000
|-
|class="other"| Appliance switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"| Light switches <br />
Main switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br /> [[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 20%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Power relays
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 18%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Circuit breakers
(domestic MCCBs)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnOAg/CdO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNi]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Disconnect, power and motor switches (control relays and contactors)
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 24%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver Based Materials|Ag|AgCu]]<br />[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO15]]</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 22%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnOAg/CdO]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other" | Heavy-duty switchgear (industrial)
| colspan="6" |<div class="formel level1" style="width: 22%;" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Metal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub><br />Ag/ZnO]]</span></div><div class="formel level2" style="width: 30%;"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver.E2.80.93Graphite_.28GRAPHOR.29-Materials|Ag/C]]</span> <span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|AgNiO|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3" style="width: 24%;"><span class="text-formel">[[#|Ag/W]] [[Tungsten_and_Molybdenum_Based_Materials|Ag/WC/C<br />Ag/Wc]]</span></div>
|-
|class="other"|Automotive relays and switches
| colspan="5" |<div class="formel level1" ><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag,AgNiO15]],</span></div><div class="formel level2"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#Silver-Nickel_.28SINIDUR.29_Materials|Ag/Ni]]</span></div><div class="formel level3"><span class="text-formel">[[Silver_Based_Materials#SilverMetal_Oxide_Materials_Ag.2FCdO.2C_Ag.2FSnO2.2C_Ag.2FZnO|Ag/SnO<sub>2</sub>]]</span></div>
|-
|}
</div>

</ol>
</div>